The sketches in Fig. 5 enable the estimation of values for the dried layer thickness at the product bottom, ed. Drying at the bottom progressed sluggishly, and the thickness of the dried layer was around 0.5–1.0 mm when the volume fraction of frozen layer was 0.08. In the present calculation, we assumed that ed has a linear relationship with Vff, and it increased from zero to 1.0 mm as Vff decreased.
equation(38)
ed=0.001(1-Vff/Vff(0))
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