The E. coli deactivation tests were conducted outdoors and using non-potable river water. This was to provide a
realistic environment for assessment of solar-based UVA radiation. For these tests, UVA radiation was measured
using an sgLux UV-Cosince-D UV sensor. The water was sourced from the River Torrens in Adelaide. Water
turbidity was measured using the method of Myre and Shaw [41]. Visibility varied between 240 mm and 260 mm,
equating to approximately 30 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units). Water absorbance was measured using a 1 mm
path-length quartz cuvette using a BioRad SmartSpecTM 3000 Spectrophotometer, calibrated with reverse osmosis
water. The water used had an absorbance ranging between 0.16 cm-1 and 0.05 cm-1 for frequencies ranging from 315
nm and 400 nm.