More recently, CT scans have revealed increased frontal lobe atrophy amongst ECT recipients (Calloway et al.,1981; UK ECT Review Group, 2003). One review, which acknowledged that “both anterograde and retrograde memory impairment are common,” actually documents the various forms of neurobiological dysfunction underlying the subtypes of ECT-induced memory dysfunction: Retrograde amnesia is a consequence of electrochemical dysfunction of the limbic-diencephalic subcortical areas involved in information retrieval, while in anterograde amnesia the medial temporal lobe is most affected (Rami-Gonzalez et al., 2001).