Low product price is the most serious constraint faced by all types of farmers. In addition, deficient production knowledge, disease and pests, insufficient capital for farm investment, and the poor market system are also important constraints on all types of farms and farmers (Table 3). Like other primary commodities, rubber price fluctuation depends on both supply and demand factors in the market and external events. During the last twenty years, the rubber price fluctuated greatly, and affected smallholding farms in Thailand. For example, in 1995, the world’s rubber production was in excess of consumption and the rubber price dropped. This had bad effects on the small holder and was a major reason for small farmers to leave their farms to search for off-farm employment (Juman, 1987;Somboonsuke and Rattanachai, 1997). Inevitably, this led to under utilization of land and productivity further declined in Thailand, and also in Malaysia, and Indonesia. The
problem is made worse by the low level of education, lack of accessibility to credit and low adoption of new agricultural practice and innovations. The market constraints which include the low type and grade (normally 80% of USS grade 3 and 4) also reflect the inefficiency, complexity and constraints of industry (Somboonsuke and Rattanachai, 1997). Also, small holders get the unfair price in the local market, and marketing becomes difficult and complicated for these small holders to comprehend and moreover individual small holders are unable to cope with it (Thipayakul and Promdej 1987). The market structure and rubber prices are complementary to each other in determining the final price paid to small holders, who are the original producers of raw material. The price paid to the producer in local market is residue of the FOB price, after deductions for export and other taxes and marketing margins. The constraints of , high cost of production and input such as fertilizer, seed and chemicals for weed control and also low farm-gate price are causes of insufficient capital for investment
Low product price is the most serious constraint faced by all types of farmers. In addition, deficient production knowledge, disease and pests, insufficient capital for farm investment, and the poor market system are also important constraints on all types of farms and farmers (Table 3). Like other primary commodities, rubber price fluctuation depends on both supply and demand factors in the market and external events. During the last twenty years, the rubber price fluctuated greatly, and affected smallholding farms in Thailand. For example, in 1995, the world’s rubber production was in excess of consumption and the rubber price dropped. This had bad effects on the small holder and was a major reason for small farmers to leave their farms to search for off-farm employment (Juman, 1987;Somboonsuke and Rattanachai, 1997). Inevitably, this led to under utilization of land and productivity further declined in Thailand, and also in Malaysia, and Indonesia. The
problem is made worse by the low level of education, lack of accessibility to credit and low adoption of new agricultural practice and innovations. The market constraints which include the low type and grade (normally 80% of USS grade 3 and 4) also reflect the inefficiency, complexity and constraints of industry (Somboonsuke and Rattanachai, 1997). Also, small holders get the unfair price in the local market, and marketing becomes difficult and complicated for these small holders to comprehend and moreover individual small holders are unable to cope with it (Thipayakul and Promdej 1987). The market structure and rubber prices are complementary to each other in determining the final price paid to small holders, who are the original producers of raw material. The price paid to the producer in local market is residue of the FOB price, after deductions for export and other taxes and marketing margins. The constraints of , high cost of production and input such as fertilizer, seed and chemicals for weed control and also low farm-gate price are causes of insufficient capital for investment
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..