Painless thyroiditis is a destructive thyroid disease with
transient thyrotoxicosis usually followed by transient hypo-thyroidism. Postpartum painless thyroiditis is a typical form
of this condition, and its onset is triggered by delivery. The
onset of this disease is considered to be attributable to an
immunological rebound phenomenon, i.e., sudden loss of
immunological tolerance (seen during pregnancy) after delivery
and the resultant activation of immune function above
the normal level (4). It usually develops at 1-6 months after
delivery. Cases of painless thyroiditis developing after pregnancy
loss have also been reported (5).
Factors possibly triggering the onset of painless thyroiditis
include a sharp reduction in high blood steroid levels
[following withdrawal of steroid therapy (6), surgery for
Cushing syndrome (7)] and interferon therapy (8). Changes
in immune processes appear to be involved in this disease
trigger, but the exact mechanism remains to be clarified.
In the present case, thyrotoxicosis was detected at a very
early stage of pregnancy. Palpation and ultrasonography
ruled out subacute thyroiditis or an autonomously functioning
thyroid nodule. GTH was also ruled out on the basis of
gestational age and the blood HCG level. As thyroid scintigraphy
was not applicable in the pregnant case, we judged
Graves’ disease to be highly probable, because no cases of
painless thyroiditis during pregnancy had been previously
reported. For this reason and in view of the severe thyrotoxicosis,
we began administration of PTU before the TRAb
data became available. Methods for distinguishing Graves’
disease from painless thyroiditis include ultrasonographic
evaluation of blood flow in addition to TRAb measurement
and scintigraphy. Patients with Graves’ disease reportedly
show increased blood flow, while those with destructive thyroiditis,
such as painless thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis,
present with reduced blood flow (9, 10).
In the present study, TRAb was negative, and Doppler
study revealed no increase in blood flow. There were few
findings supporting the diagnosis of Graves’ disease, and the
patient showed a continuance of hypothyroidism despite
medication having been discontinued after about 3 weeks of
treatment for thyrotoxicosis. The patient was diagnosed as
having painless thyroiditis.
Factors reportedly causing thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy
include not only GTH and Graves’ disease but also
subacute thyroiditis and autonomously functioning thyroid
nodules (11, 12). To date, however, no cases of painless thyroiditis
during pregnancy have been reported. This may reflect
the influence of immunological tolerance during pregnancy,
but it is also possible that even in pregnant women
with this disease, it cannot be definitively diagnosed because
of inability to perform thyroid scintigraphy during pregnancy,
which could account for the absence of reports on
such cases.
In the present case, thyrotoxicosis was detected during
pregnancy. Detection of the disease in a very early stage of
pregnancy indicated, however, that the mechanism underly ing the development of painless thyroiditis had occurred before
pregnancy and that the pregnancy had been established
during the course of painless thyroiditis, rather than the disease
developing during pregnancy. One possible trigger for
the onset of painless thyroiditis was the spontaneous abortion
9 months earlier. Marqusee et al reported cases of painless
thyroiditis diagnosed from 3 to 11 months after pregnancy
loss (5).
In cases with TRAb negative thyrotoxicosis during the
first trimester of pregnancy, it is advisable to consider the
possibility that the pregnancy was established in the presence
of painless thyroiditis and to conduct detailed examinations,
using Doppler ultrasonography. After these steps, it
would be necessary to follow the courses of thyroid hormones
closely, bearing in mind the possibility of the subsequent
onset of hypothyroidism.
Thyroiditis เจ็บปวดเป็นโรคไทรอยด์ทำลายด้วยthyrotoxicosis แบบฉับพลันมักตามหลังชั่วคราวสำหรับผู้เป็นภูมิ-thyroidism หลังคลอดเจ็บปวด thyroiditis คือ แบบทั่วไปนี้ เงื่อนไข และการเริ่มถูกทริกเกอร์ โดยการจัดส่ง ที่เริ่มมีอาการของโรคนี้ถือเป็นการรวมตัวปรากฏการณ์การตอบสนองภูมิคุ้มกัน เช่น อย่างฉับพลันสูญหายระเบียบการยอมรับ (เห็นในระหว่างตั้งครรภ์) หลังจากจัดส่งและการเรียกใช้ผลแก่ซึ่งมีฟังก์ชันข้างต้นภูมิคุ้มกันปกติระดับ (4) มันมักจะพัฒนาที่ 1-6 เดือนหลังจากจัดส่ง กรณีของเจ็บปวด thyroiditis พัฒนาหลังการตั้งครรภ์ขาดทุนยังได้รับรายงาน (5)ปัจจัยที่อาจจะเรียกของ thyroiditis เจ็บปวดรวมลดคมในเลือดสูงระดับสเตอรอยด์[ถอนของสเตอรอยด์รักษา (6), ผ่าตัดต่อไปนี้กลุ่มอาการ Cushing (7)] และบำบัดอินเตอร์เฟียรอน (8) การเปลี่ยนแปลงในกระบวนการภูมิคุ้มกันต้องเกี่ยวข้องกับโรคนี้ทริกเกอร์ แต่ยังคงกลไกที่แน่นอนเพื่อจะขึ้ในกรณีปัจจุบัน thyrotoxicosis พบที่เป็นมากระยะแรก ๆ ของการตั้งครรภ์ Palpation และเครื่องอปกครองกึ่ง thyroiditis หรือ autonomously การทำงานnodule ต่อมไทรอยด์ GTH ยังปกครองออกบนพื้นฐานของอายุครรภ์และระดับของ HCG ในเลือด เป็นไทรอยด์ scintigraphyไม่ใช้ในกรณีตั้งครรภ์ เราตัดสินหลุมฝังศพของโรคจะสูงน่าเป็น เนื่องจากไม่มีกรณีของthyroiditis เจ็บปวดในระหว่างการตั้งครรภ์ได้รับก่อนหน้านี้reported. For this reason and in view of the severe thyrotoxicosis,we began administration of PTU before the TRAbdata became available. Methods for distinguishing Graves’disease from painless thyroiditis include ultrasonographicevaluation of blood flow in addition to TRAb measurementand scintigraphy. Patients with Graves’ disease reportedlyshow increased blood flow, while those with destructive thyroiditis,such as painless thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis,present with reduced blood flow (9, 10).In the present study, TRAb was negative, and Dopplerstudy revealed no increase in blood flow. There were fewfindings supporting the diagnosis of Graves’ disease, and thepatient showed a continuance of hypothyroidism despitemedication having been discontinued after about 3 weeks oftreatment for thyrotoxicosis. The patient was diagnosed ashaving painless thyroiditis.Factors reportedly causing thyrotoxicosis during pregnancyinclude not only GTH and Graves’ disease but alsosubacute thyroiditis and autonomously functioning thyroidnodules (11, 12). To date, however, no cases of painless thyroiditisduring pregnancy have been reported. This may reflectthe influence of immunological tolerance during pregnancy,but it is also possible that even in pregnant womenwith this disease, it cannot be definitively diagnosed becauseof inability to perform thyroid scintigraphy during pregnancy,which could account for the absence of reports onsuch cases.In the present case, thyrotoxicosis was detected duringpregnancy. Detection of the disease in a very early stage ofpregnancy indicated, however, that the mechanism underly ing the development of painless thyroiditis had occurred beforepregnancy and that the pregnancy had been establishedduring the course of painless thyroiditis, rather than the diseasedeveloping during pregnancy. One possible trigger forthe onset of painless thyroiditis was the spontaneous abortion9 months earlier. Marqusee et al reported cases of painlessthyroiditis diagnosed from 3 to 11 months after pregnancyloss (5).In cases with TRAb negative thyrotoxicosis during thefirst trimester of pregnancy, it is advisable to consider thepossibility that the pregnancy was established in the presenceof painless thyroiditis and to conduct detailed examinations,using Doppler ultrasonography. After these steps, itwould be necessary to follow the courses of thyroid hormonesclosely, bearing in mind the possibility of the subsequentonset of hypothyroidism.
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