Although organizations are often conceived as instruments for achieving given purposes, according to Selznick (1957, pp. 1-22), they soon take on sociological characteristics that far exceed the closed-system interest in rationalty or efficiency. In the first place, the members of the organization resist being treated as means; rather, they participate as whole personalities, each having a particular and unique set of experiences and desires. Second, the organization exists within an institutional framework that makes certain demands on it. Parties, interest groups, and other agencies all interact within the same matrix, meaning that no group is free from the influence of others. “For this reason, organizations cannot escape the impact of these “nonrational” factors.