Furthermore, another issue is that even though the definition of cause-and-effect relationship is the basis of BSC success, many organizations seem to use BSC as an aggregation of independent performance measures (Aidemark, 2001). Speckbacher et al. (2003) found that only half of the companies using BSC that were surveyed, were actually able to formulate cause-and-effect relationship among the different objectives and measures. In addition, a study conducted in Finnish companies showed that most companies appear to have scorecards in which the resulting measures and perspectives are fairly independent, lacking the claimed reciprocal interconnections (Malmi, 2001).
The Concept of Balanced Scorecard According to the BSC model of Kaplan and Norton (1996), a cause-and-effect relationship exists among the perspectives of BSC in a sequential manner. The four perspectives of BSC refer to the learning and growth, internal business process, customer value and the financial performance perspective.