a meta-analysis of
case-control studies in 2010 suggested a moderately favorable effect (17% lower risk of cancer) [10]. A beneficial
effect of coffee on the risk of colorectal cancer was also confirmed by a meta-analysis of cohort studies in 2011. As many as three analyses and a review of data were published in 2013. One of them, including case-control studies, stated that the risk of colorectal cancer is reduced by 15% for heavy coffee drinkers as compared to low or non-drinkers, and that the risk of colon cancer is reduced by 21% [23]. Tian et al., in their analysis of observational studies, detected a significant association between coffee intake and decreased risk of colorectal and colon cancer among subjects consuming
≥4 cups of coffee a day [43], while a review of epidemiological
evidence by Bøhn et al., indicated that coffee
may protect against colorectal cancer