c).Tourism
Tourism is a major global industry; in 2012 international tourist arrivals increased by 4%
despite the global economic crisis and constituted 9% of Global GDP (direct, indirect and
induced impact). In 2012 tourism supported 9% of global jobs and generated US$ 1.3 trillion
or 6% of the world’s export earnings23. International tourism has grown from 25 million in
1950 to 1,035 million in 2012 and the UNWTO forecasts further growth of 3-4% in 201324
;
the forecast for 2030 being 1.8 billion. A large portion of global tourism is focused on the
marine and coastal environment and it is set to rise. Trends in aging populations, rising
incomes and relatively low transport costs will make coastal and ocean locations ever more
attractive. Cruise tourism is the fastest growing sector in the leisure travel industry;
between 1970 and 2005 the number of passengers increased 24-fold to 16 million by 2011.
Overall, average annual passenger growth rates are in the region of 7.5% and passenger
expenditures are estimated in the order of US$ 18 billion per year25
.
Tourism developments bring various problems, as iterated in section 5e of this document.
The tourism consumer, however, is driving the transformation of the sector with a 20%
annual growth rate in ecotourism; about 6 times the rate of growth of the overall industry.
A Blue Economy approach where ecosystem services are properly valued and incorporated
into development planning will further advance this transition, guiding tourism
development and promoting lower impact activities, such as ecotourism and nature-based
tourism, where the natural capital is maintained as an integral part of the process.
d). Aquaculture
Aquaculture is the fastest growing global food sector now providing 47% of the fish for
human consumption26
. Fish used for human consumption grew by more than 90 million
tonnes in the period 1960-2009 (from 27 to 118 million tonnes) and aquaculture is
projected to soon surpass capture fisheries as the primary provider of such protein.
To maintain its viability and growth without undermining wild fisheries the aquaculture
industry must actively reduce the proportion of industrial fish in fishmeal. Progress is being
made however; fishmeal is increasingly being produced from fishery by-products - which
now constitute over 25% of global production27
. Research indicates that at least 50% of
fishmeal and 50-80% of oil in salmonid (the largest component of aquaculture production)
and 30-80% off fishmeal and up to 60% of oil in marine fish diets can ultimately be replaced
with vegetable substitutes greatly increasing the scope for industry expansion28
.
e). Energy
In 2009 offshore fields accounted for 32% of worldwide crude oil production and this is
projected to rise to 34% in 202529 and higher subsequently, as almost half the remaining
recoverable conventional oil is estimated to be in offshore fields - a quarter of that in deep