In our study area, ungulate density was mainly influenced by forest management and hunting, whereas wolves did not seem to have an impact on the distribution of ungulates.
Ungulates must adapt to the ecological constrains in the area where they live and are therefore likely to react in different ways according to the area.
In areas which wolves are currently re-colonising, one might expect that ungulate behaviour and distribution will change.
However, the shift in ungulate behaviour might not be as strong as expected, especially in areas where human hunting is intensive.