Introduction
Non-keratinizing cervical epithelial cells of the human body are
a well-functioning barricade against the outer surroundings,
protecting the human body against harmful external agents and
damage. To maintain the fidelity of this barrier, epithelial cells are
renewed by cell division. The cell cycle is divided into four phases,
gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), gap 2 (G2) and mitosis (M), and the
epithelium consists of cells continuously progressing through the
four different cell cycle phases [1]. Cell cycle progression is driven
by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. The regulation of
CDK-cyclin complex activity occurs through cyclin-dependent
kinase inhibitors (CKIs), such as p21, at checkpoints that can halt
cell cycle progression [2]. Cells may also cease active growth
permanently or temporarily due to various influences, including
contact inhibition and high cellular confluence; under these
conditions, non-transformed cells enter a state of quiescence
known as G0.
Lactobacillus bacteria, which encompass over 100 described
species, are harmless extracellular lactic acid-producing inhabitants
of the human body. The lower genital tract in healthy female
individuals is dominated by Lactobacillus species at a level of 107
–
108 colony-forming units per gram of fluid [3]. The long chains of
aggregated lactobacilli cover the epithelial cell layer as a protective
coat, thereby contributing to the epithelial barrier. It is generally
accepted that lactobacilli play a major role in maintaining
urogenital health, given that the disruption of the population
IntroductionNon-keratinizing cervical epithelial cells of the human body area well-functioning barricade against the outer surroundings,protecting the human body against harmful external agents anddamage. To maintain the fidelity of this barrier, epithelial cells arerenewed by cell division. The cell cycle is divided into four phases,gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), gap 2 (G2) and mitosis (M), and theepithelium consists of cells continuously progressing through thefour different cell cycle phases [1]. Cell cycle progression is drivenby cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins. The regulation ofCDK-cyclin complex activity occurs through cyclin-dependentkinase inhibitors (CKIs), such as p21, at checkpoints that can haltcell cycle progression [2]. Cells may also cease active growthpermanently or temporarily due to various influences, includingcontact inhibition and high cellular confluence; under theseconditions, non-transformed cells enter a state of quiescenceknown as G0.Lactobacillus bacteria, which encompass over 100 describedspecies, are harmless extracellular lactic acid-producing inhabitantsof the human body. The lower genital tract in healthy femaleindividuals is dominated by Lactobacillus species at a level of 107–108 colony-forming units per gram of fluid [3]. The long chains ofaggregated lactobacilli cover the epithelial cell layer as a protectivecoat, thereby contributing to the epithelial barrier. It is generallyaccepted that lactobacilli play a major role in maintainingurogenital health, given that the disruption of the population
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