Conclusion
Culture is a fuzzy concept raising definitional, conceptual, and operational obstacles for research on it and on its consumer behavior influences. We discuss several approaches to conceptualizing and operationalizing this multidimensional construct in research and propose a multi-measure approach to assess culture using Regional Affiliation, Indirect Values, and Direct Value Inference. We do not intend to argue that using a few dimensions provides a complete description of cross-cultural differences. However, we argue that Hofstede's framework
constitutes a simple, practical, and usable shortcut to the integration of culture into studies. In spite of some criticisms to his dimensions, the argument that they capture cross-country differences has received extensive support. Thus, there is wide support in the literature for the use of this conceptualization and operationalization of culture. Measuring these dimensions at the individual level should constitute an important contribution to cross-cultural research. While operationalizing culture remains a challenge, our multi-method approach constitutes a contribution towards capturing this elusive concept. The implications of this paper for further research on culture follow and as a promising start. Beyond their reliability across countries (Portugal and the UK, they also provide nomological validity as evidenced by their impact on optimal stimulation level and risk-taking. However, further research should examine the scale's reliability and validity in additional countries and research contexts beyond those studies
Conclusion
Culture is a fuzzy concept raising definitional, conceptual, and operational obstacles for research on it and on its consumer behavior influences. We discuss several approaches to conceptualizing and operationalizing this multidimensional construct in research and propose a multi-measure approach to assess culture using Regional Affiliation, Indirect Values, and Direct Value Inference. We do not intend to argue that using a few dimensions provides a complete description of cross-cultural differences. However, we argue that Hofstede's framework
constitutes a simple, practical, and usable shortcut to the integration of culture into studies. In spite of some criticisms to his dimensions, the argument that they capture cross-country differences has received extensive support. Thus, there is wide support in the literature for the use of this conceptualization and operationalization of culture. Measuring these dimensions at the individual level should constitute an important contribution to cross-cultural research. While operationalizing culture remains a challenge, our multi-method approach constitutes a contribution towards capturing this elusive concept. The implications of this paper for further research on culture follow and as a promising start. Beyond their reliability across countries (Portugal and the UK, they also provide nomological validity as evidenced by their impact on optimal stimulation level and risk-taking. However, further research should examine the scale's reliability and validity in additional countries and research contexts beyond those studies
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