In conclusion, we proposed and found strong support for a conceptual framework for understanding e-service quality, its antecedents, consequences, and mediators. We also extended the work of Dabholkar et al. (2000) into the e-retail domain by introducing and comparing a formative model of e-service quality in this framework. Based on the findings, we have made specific recommendations to improve future research and practice involving e-service quality conceptualization and measurement. We believe that the issues investigated in this research can help resolve some of the challenges that are becoming pertinent to both academics and managers in the delivery of e-services. In particular, we hope that our discussion of the formative approach to modeling will stimulate more discussion among e-service researchers and practitioners; such discussion could ultimately result in richer e-service quality models and measures leading to improved marketing decision making and e-service quality management.