Results and discussion
This section addresses the study’s research question, namely, how do EFL learners adjust their initial listening strategy use over time during the course of the listening SI? Reported changes in strategy use were examined for the metacognitive, cognitive and social/affective strategy categories. Figures 13 show how many of the 31 students reported using particular strategies at the outset, middle and final stage of the SI, while Tables 13 show the changes in students’ reported strategy use for the LP, MP and HP groups at these three points in time.