5.3. In 1929, a young scholar of classical antiquity, Elias Bicker-mann, published an article titled “Roman Imperial Apotheosis” in the Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, which, in a short but detailed appendix, explicitly placed the pagan image ceremony (funus imaginarium) in relation to the funeral rites of English and French sovereigns. Both Kantorowicz and Giesey cite this study; Giesey even declares, without hesitation, that his own work originated in a reading of Bickermann’s article. Both Kantorowicz and Giesey remain silent, however, about what was precisely the central point of Bickermann’s analysis.
Carefully reconstructing the rite of imperial consecration from both written sources and coins, Bickermann had discerned the specific aporia contained in this “funeral by image,” even if he had not grasped all of its consequences:
Every normal man is buried only once, just as he dies only once. In the age of Antonius, however, the consecrated emperor is burned on the funeral pyre twice, first in corpore and then in effigie.... The emperor’s corpse is solemnly, but not officially, burned, and his remains are deposited in the mausoleum. At this point public mourning usually ends. ... Bur in Antonius Pius’s funeral, everything is carried out contrary to usual practice. Here Justitium, (public mourning) begins only after the burial of the bones, and the state funeral procession starts up once the remains of the corpse already lie buried in the ground! And this funus publicum, as we learn from Dio’s and Herodiaris reports of later consecrations, concerns the wax effigy made after the image of the deceased sovereign.... Dio reports as an eyewitness that a slave uses a fan to keep flies away from the face of the doll. Then Septimus Severus gives him a farewell kiss on the funeral pyre. Herodian adds that the image of Septimus Severus is treated in the palace as a
5.3. In 1929, a young scholar of classical antiquity, Elias Bicker-mann, published an article titled “Roman Imperial Apotheosis” in the Archiv für Religionswissenschaft, which, in a short but detailed appendix, explicitly placed the pagan image ceremony (funus imaginarium) in relation to the funeral rites of English and French sovereigns. Both Kantorowicz and Giesey cite this study; Giesey even declares, without hesitation, that his own work originated in a reading of Bickermann’s article. Both Kantorowicz and Giesey remain silent, however, about what was precisely the central point of Bickermann’s analysis.
Carefully reconstructing the rite of imperial consecration from both written sources and coins, Bickermann had discerned the specific aporia contained in this “funeral by image,” even if he had not grasped all of its consequences:
Every normal man is buried only once, just as he dies only once. In the age of Antonius, however, the consecrated emperor is burned on the funeral pyre twice, first in corpore and then in effigie.... The emperor’s corpse is solemnly, but not officially, burned, and his remains are deposited in the mausoleum. At this point public mourning usually ends. ... Bur in Antonius Pius’s funeral, everything is carried out contrary to usual practice. Here Justitium, (public mourning) begins only after the burial of the bones, and the state funeral procession starts up once the remains of the corpse already lie buried in the ground! And this funus publicum, as we learn from Dio’s and Herodiaris reports of later consecrations, concerns the wax effigy made after the image of the deceased sovereign.... Dio reports as an eyewitness that a slave uses a fan to keep flies away from the face of the doll. Then Septimus Severus gives him a farewell kiss on the funeral pyre. Herodian adds that the image of Septimus Severus is treated in the palace as a
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