FE-SEM micrographs of chitosan-based composite
films with
different GFSE contents and pure chitosan
film (CG0) are shown in
Fig. 1. The micrographs revealed significant differences in surface
morphology at different amounts of GFSE incorporated in the
fabricated
films. With increasing GFSE contents from 1.0% v/v
GFSE (CG2) to 1.5% v/v GFSE (CG3), larger areas of heterogeneity
with a more rugous surface was observed (Fig. 1c and d). The
significantly larger rugous surface for CG3 as compared to
CG2 could possibly be due to the hydrophilicity of GFSE. More
moisture might be absorbed when a larger amount of GFSE is
incorporated within the
film matrix [15]. It was also noted that
though both CG2 and CG3 were heterogeneous, the surface
morphology of the
films was uniform, suggesting that GFSE was
well dispersed within all chitosan
film matrices (CG1, CG2 and
CG3).
3.2. Light transmission and film transparency
The transparency level of pure chitosan
film (CG0) and all
chitosan-based composite
films (CG1, CG2 and CG3) were
measured quantitatively, as shown in Table 1. As can be observed,
the incorporation of GFSE did not affect the transparency of the
films. There were no significant differences in the light
transmission values with increment of GFSE amounts added in
the chitosan-based composite
films, and all chitosan-based
composite
films showed remarkable transparency at visible
range. Therefore, it could be concluded that the transmittance
of all chitosan-based
films was not affected by the incorporation
of GFSE.
Moreover, at 600 nm, which is a wavelength typically used for
film transparency [16], the light transmission values of chitosanbased
composite
films were comparable to commonly used
synthetic
films such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (86.9%),
oriented polypropylene (OPP) (89.1%), polyester (83.5%) and polyvinylidene
chloride(PVDC) (90.0%) [17]. Hence,the resultssuggest that
chitosan-based composite
films have adequate transparency and
clarity for use as see-through packaging materials.
FE-SEM micrographs of chitosan-based compositefilms withdifferent GFSE contents and pure chitosanfilm (CG0) are shown inFig. 1. The micrographs revealed significant differences in surfacemorphology at different amounts of GFSE incorporated in thefabricatedfilms. With increasing GFSE contents from 1.0% v/vGFSE (CG2) to 1.5% v/v GFSE (CG3), larger areas of heterogeneitywith a more rugous surface was observed (Fig. 1c and d). Thesignificantly larger rugous surface for CG3 as compared toCG2 could possibly be due to the hydrophilicity of GFSE. Moremoisture might be absorbed when a larger amount of GFSE isincorporated within thefilm matrix [15]. It was also noted thatthough both CG2 and CG3 were heterogeneous, the surfacemorphology of thefilms was uniform, suggesting that GFSE waswell dispersed within all chitosanfilm matrices (CG1, CG2 andCG3).3.2. Light transmission and film transparencyThe transparency level of pure chitosanfilm (CG0) and allchitosan-based compositefilms (CG1, CG2 and CG3) weremeasured quantitatively, as shown in Table 1. As can be observed,the incorporation of GFSE did not affect the transparency of thefilms. There were no significant differences in the lighttransmission values with increment of GFSE amounts added inthe chitosan-based compositefilms, and all chitosan-basedcompositefilms showed remarkable transparency at visiblerange. Therefore, it could be concluded that the transmittanceof all chitosan-basedfilms was not affected by the incorporationof GFSE.Moreover, at 600 nm, which is a wavelength typically used forfilm transparency [16], the light transmission values of chitosanbasedcompositefilms were comparable to commonly usedsyntheticfilms such as low-density polyethylene (LDPE) (86.9%),oriented polypropylene (OPP) (89.1%), polyester (83.5%) and polyvinylidenechloride(PVDC) (90.0%) [17]. Hence,the resultssuggest thatchitosan-based compositefilms have adequate transparency andclarity for use as see-through packaging materials.
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