They all adopt schemes to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and to switch
to low-sulphur fuel for ships.
One of the programs implemented by LA/LB called Green Flag Speed Reduction Program (Port of LB, 2009) is cost-effective for shipping companies.
By slowing down, ships LA/LB can reduce emissions and shipowners in return get discounted fees the following year as an incentive, hence the scheme combines environmental protection with economic benefits.