In the same vein, Cloutier (2000) affirms that risk is an innate component of all adventure activities and hence risk management is about management or optimizing risk rather that abolishing it completely. There fore . for the activity to remain adventurous the risk management process need to determine acceptable exposure levels for clients and operators alike, identify risk, select suitable risk-management strategies, implement these, and make the appropriate to incidents.Cloutier(1998,2000)divides risk management strategies into two broad approaches. risk control concerns the decision not to undertake a trip or activity due to the high risk involved. In also refers to risk-reduction measures such as client briefings and increasing instructional ratios for activities considered of greater risk. Risk financing follows on from risk control,and involves both risk retention and risk transfer. He recommends the preparation of an emergency response plan (Cloutier, 1998:1-2) for each trip, comprising risk management objectives, identification of hazards, evaluation of hazards, risk-management strategies, incident response strategies, action plan and controls. A number of techniques can be used to ascertain hazards for example, site inspections and hazard checklists. In evaluating hazards,providers, should examine the frequency and severity of their occurrence and consequently 'assign a high, medium, low priority to each, and create stategies to mitigate their effects' (cloutier, 1998: 7). the incident response strategy should clearly set out roles and responsibilities within the organization in the care of an incident, considering such factors as indentifying the staff member who would mobilize and activate the incident reponse strategy.