is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface,
Penetration; viruses enter the host cell through receptor- mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion,
Uncoating: the viral capsid is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acid,
Replication involves the synthesis of viral messenger RNA (mRNA) for viruses except positive sense RNA viruses,
Assembly; viral protein synthesis and assembly of viral proteins and viral genome replication,
Release viruses are released from the host cell by lysis. Enveloped viruses (e.g., HIV) typically are released from the host cell by budding