Results: Thirteen studies met our pre-defined eligibility criteria, reporting on 9 study samples. Two were cross sectional
studies and eleven were longitudinal studies. The study sample size ranged from 74 to 37,127. All
four studies examining short sleep duration and postpartum weight retention reported a positive association.
The four studies examining postpartum stress and weight retention reported non-significant associations only.
Of 7 studies examining postpartum depression and weight retention, 3 reported non-significant associations,
and 4 reported positive associations.