Conclusion
There is a high prevalence of tobacco smoking among primary health care physicians in Bahrain.
We have established that there has been a small decline in cigarette smoking since 1999 and that waterpipe is, currently, and for the first time, the most common form of tobacco smoking among physicians.
We have also shown that there is a clear male predominance in smoking, consistent with the prevalence among the general population and previous studies conducted on primary care physicians.