few decades, we have witnessed the development of a feminine
and masculine multiethnic workforce (even transgender
in some countries), of all ages, social environments, with various
curricula, and so on. The monolithic nature of the workforce
seems to belong to the past, but tensions subsist even
though laws in several countries prohibit discrimination. There
is, therefore, a need to become more sensitive to difference
and to adopt management styles, which reflect that difference.
Last, workers are also consumers and that dimension cannot
be excluded from our conception of germane topics in person
management as a human life must not be conceived in isolated
fragments (the employee at work) but constituted of many
inter-related dimensions (employee, consumer, parent, citizen,
player, etc.; see also Cleveland, Byrne, & Cavanagh, 2015).
A Generalist View Instead of a Specialist View
Kaufman (2007) in his review of the historical evolution of
the field reminds us that in the personnel management era, a
generalist stance was the norm:
It goes on to say that the term “personnel” as used in the USA
stresses that the function is “recognized as part of the
Management” and that personnel is not just a staff function but
includes “anyone who supervise employees, from the assistant
foreman to the president.” (p. 25)
In contrast, HRM has evolved and defined itself as a specialized
field of study, a kind of technocratic solution to the
human “problem” in organizations. A question could then be
asked: Are the other business specialties not concerned with
human beings? Nevertheless, being the specialist of the
human “variety” of resources, hopefully on par with the
other organizational resource specialists, entails professional
opportunities and financial privileges. However, this has
been gained at a price far too high in our view: the dehumanizing
of organization, the reification of the discipline, and the
subservience to economic elites often oblivious to those not
in the fold. We believe that person management is best understood
as the management of management and calls, for that
reason, for a generalist stance, which embraces all the aspects
of management. Organizations are many things, as Morgan
(1986) has aptly shown, but fundamentally it boils down to a
tool at the service of humanity; not the other way around. In
becoming a specialty of “the using up of humans as resources,
among others,” HRM is oblivious to its most noble aims, the
complexities, and the possibilities implied by them, which,
we insist, is a tool for the betterment of human beings. In that
sense, it must be reformed in a profound way.
Ethical Comprehension of Behavior Rather Than
Moralizing of Behavior
From our prior comments, we can conclude that we need a
nuanced ethical comprehension of human behavior and
endeavor in organizations. But more often than not, what we
observe in HRM practices is a moralization5
of the actions of
the participants in organizational life, mostly directed to
lower level employees and aimed at achieving purely economic
goals. The flourishing of behavioral codes of conduct,
of so called ethical codes (which are purely deontological, if
not legal, in their conception and application), cannot replace
the moral subject, that is, a person. Human beings are the
sole repository of moral impulse, moral imagination, and
moral conduct. What must be put forward is the possibility of
developing and using, beyond bureaucratic control, the
moral compass guiding persons. All the ethical codes in the
world will be of no avail if there are no moral human beings
to comprehend them, interpret them, and correct them as the
situation commands. We are conscious that some people
cherish the idea that human being cannot be moral if they are
not constrained to be.6
It is not a belief we share, as history
had amply proven otherwise; on the contrary, human beings
are the only and last moral bastions. Following the rules
blindly had resulted in all sorts of disastrous and inhuman
deeds.7
This is not to say that rules are not important but that
they alone cannot be the solution. We need persons with real
ethical understanding, not the factice or cosmetic window
dressing offered by many ethical codes, which is all the
morality some organizations have to offer (Pinnington et al.,
2007).
Some Operational Characteristics
Following our discussion on principles used to manage persons,
we will now look at elements characterizing implementation,
which will help understand how person management
could distinguished itself from HRM in concrete organizations.
We are not exhaustive in this demonstration.8
We will
present only a few salient examples, which are impartiality,
the sharing of advantages and risks, the use of tools, the
implied time horizon, the hidden costs, and, as a synthesis,
the articulation of different types of logic.
Impartiality in Human Relation Rather Than
Impersonality
Managers and employees have traditionally had an impersonal
and task-oriented relationship with one another. This
impersonality was put forth to avoid nepotism and favoritism.
Impersonality refers to an abstraction of the person.
With this impersonality, a human is not a subject, but instead
an object, and persons need to be recognized as subjects. So,
to avoid favoritism, we have to use another principle of
action, which is not fraught with difficulty like impersonality.
Duhamel (2003) distinguishes impartiality from impersonality.
Impartiality does not require that you be friends or
that you make friends, but if you do have friends, you are
linked to them through social obligations that fall under the
criterion of impartiality. Özler and Buyukarslan (2011)
few decades, we have witnessed the development of a feminineand masculine multiethnic workforce (even transgenderin some countries), of all ages, social environments, with variouscurricula, and so on. The monolithic nature of the workforceseems to belong to the past, but tensions subsist eventhough laws in several countries prohibit discrimination. Thereis, therefore, a need to become more sensitive to differenceand to adopt management styles, which reflect that difference.Last, workers are also consumers and that dimension cannotbe excluded from our conception of germane topics in personmanagement as a human life must not be conceived in isolatedfragments (the employee at work) but constituted of manyinter-related dimensions (employee, consumer, parent, citizen,player, etc.; see also Cleveland, Byrne, & Cavanagh, 2015).A Generalist View Instead of a Specialist ViewKaufman (2007) in his review of the historical evolution ofthe field reminds us that in the personnel management era, ageneralist stance was the norm:It goes on to say that the term “personnel” as used in the USAstresses that the function is “recognized as part of theManagement” and that personnel is not just a staff function butincludes “anyone who supervise employees, from the assistantforeman to the president.” (p. 25)In contrast, HRM has evolved and defined itself as a specializedfield of study, a kind of technocratic solution to thehuman “problem” in organizations. A question could then beasked: Are the other business specialties not concerned withhuman beings? Nevertheless, being the specialist of thehuman “variety” of resources, hopefully on par with theother organizational resource specialists, entails professionalopportunities and financial privileges. However, this hasbeen gained at a price far too high in our view: the dehumanizingof organization, the reification of the discipline, and thesubservience to economic elites often oblivious to those notin the fold. We believe that person management is best understoodas the management of management and calls, for thatreason, for a generalist stance, which embraces all the aspectsof management. Organizations are many things, as Morgan(1986) has aptly shown, but fundamentally it boils down to atool at the service of humanity; not the other way around. Inbecoming a specialty of “the using up of humans as resources,among others,” HRM is oblivious to its most noble aims, thecomplexities, and the possibilities implied by them, which,we insist, is a tool for the betterment of human beings. In thatsense, it must be reformed in a profound way.Ethical Comprehension of Behavior Rather ThanMoralizing of BehaviorFrom our prior comments, we can conclude that we need anuanced ethical comprehension of human behavior andendeavor in organizations. But more often than not, what weสังเกตมนุษย์ปฏิบัติได้ moralization5 การดำเนินการของผู้เข้าร่วมในองค์กรชีวิต ส่วนใหญ่ถูกนำไปต่ำกว่าระดับพนักงาน และมุ่งเศรษฐกิจเพียงอย่างเดียวเป้าหมาย ไหนรหัสพฤติกรรมจรรยาบรรณรหัสสิ่งที่เรียกว่าจริยธรรม (ซึ่งจะหมดจด deontological ถ้าไม่กฎหมาย ในความคิดและโปรแกรมประยุกต์), ไม่สามารถแทนคุณธรรมเรื่อง คือ คน มนุษย์มีการเก็บแต่เพียงผู้เดียวของศีลธรรมกระแส จินตนาการคุณธรรม และจรรยาบรรณคุณธรรม ที่ต้องย้ายไปข้างหน้าเป็นไปได้ของการพัฒนาและการใช้ เกินควบคุมราชการ การทิศทางศีลธรรมที่แนะนำท่าน รหัสทั้งหมดในจริยธรรมในการโลกจะไม่มีประโยชน์ถ้ามนุษย์ไม่มีคุณธรรมชัดเจน ให้ตีพวกเขา และแก้ไขเป็นการสถานการณ์คำสั่ง เรามีจิตสำนึกบางคนหวงแหนความคิดที่ว่า มนุษย์กำลังไม่มีคุณธรรมไม่จำกัดการ be.6 มันไม่ใช่ความเชื่อที่เราใช้ร่วมกัน เป็นประวัติศาสตร์มี amply พิสูจน์อื่น ในมนุษย์ตรงกันข้ามbastions คุณธรรมเท่านั้น และสุดท้ายได้ ตามกฎอย่างคนตาบอดมีผลในทุกร้าย และ inhumandeeds.7 นี้จะไม่พูดว่า ไม่สำคัญแต่ที่กฎพวกเขาเพียงอย่างเดียวไม่สามารถแก้ปัญหา เราต้องการคนจริงความเข้าใจจริยธรรม ไม่ factice หรือเครื่องสำอางแต่งตัวนำเสนอ โดยหลายรหัสจริยธรรม ซึ่งเป็นทั้งหมดบางองค์กรต้องมีศีลธรรม (Pinnington et al.,2007).Some Operational CharacteristicsFollowing our discussion on principles used to manage persons,we will now look at elements characterizing implementation,which will help understand how person managementcould distinguished itself from HRM in concrete organizations.We are not exhaustive in this demonstration.8 We willpresent only a few salient examples, which are impartiality,the sharing of advantages and risks, the use of tools, theimplied time horizon, the hidden costs, and, as a synthesis,the articulation of different types of logic.Impartiality in Human Relation Rather ThanImpersonalityManagers and employees have traditionally had an impersonaland task-oriented relationship with one another. Thisimpersonality was put forth to avoid nepotism and favoritism.Impersonality refers to an abstraction of the person.With this impersonality, a human is not a subject, but insteadan object, and persons need to be recognized as subjects. So,to avoid favoritism, we have to use another principle ofaction, which is not fraught with difficulty like impersonality.Duhamel (2003) distinguishes impartiality from impersonality.Impartiality does not require that you be friends orthat you make friends, but if you do have friends, you arelinked to them through social obligations that fall under thecriterion of impartiality. Özler and Buyukarslan (2011)
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