a b s t r a c t
For the development of healthful gluten-free soy bread acceptable to consumers, we evaluated the effects
of various processing procedures for soy flour on bread quality, in terms of beany flavour and texture. We
pretreated soy flour by both non-heating (raw:NS and germinated:GS) and heating (steamed:SS and
roasted:RS) methods. In addition, to improve the loaf volume, we added 1% hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose
(HPMC) to RS flour. Lipoxygenase activity was retained in the non-heat-treated flours (279 U/g for NS
and 255 U/g for GS), but was significantly reduced in the heat-treated flours (106 U/g for SS and 69 U/g for
RS). Moreover, heat-treated flour had higher isoflavone and ferric reducing antioxidant power than had
non-heat-treated flour. However, RS flour had the lowest moisture content and lowest L⁄ value. The GS
bread had the highest specific loaf volume (3.53 cm3/g), followed by NS (2.96 cm3/g), RS (2.25 cm3/g),
and SS (1.81 cm3/g) bread. GS bread had the lowest hardness (1.53 N), followed by NS (1.65 N), RS
(2.00 N), and SS (3.75 N) bread. The addition of 1% HPMC to RS increased the loaf volume (2.44 cm3/g),
but decreased the bread’s hardness (1.80 N). As to the sensory properties, the bread with heat-treated
flour was perceived to have a less beany odour and taste than was the bread with non-heat-treated flour.
However, the latter had a better appearance than the former. These results indicated that soy flour pretreatment
could enhance the loaf volume and reduce the beany flavour of whole soy bread.
a b s t r a c tFor the development of healthful gluten-free soy bread acceptable to consumers, we evaluated the effectsof various processing procedures for soy flour on bread quality, in terms of beany flavour and texture. Wepretreated soy flour by both non-heating (raw:NS and germinated:GS) and heating (steamed:SS androasted:RS) methods. In addition, to improve the loaf volume, we added 1% hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose(HPMC) to RS flour. Lipoxygenase activity was retained in the non-heat-treated flours (279 U/g for NSand 255 U/g for GS), but was significantly reduced in the heat-treated flours (106 U/g for SS and 69 U/g forRS). Moreover, heat-treated flour had higher isoflavone and ferric reducing antioxidant power than hadnon-heat-treated flour. However, RS flour had the lowest moisture content and lowest L⁄ value. The GSbread had the highest specific loaf volume (3.53 cm3/g), followed by NS (2.96 cm3/g), RS (2.25 cm3/g),and SS (1.81 cm3/g) bread. GS bread had the lowest hardness (1.53 N), followed by NS (1.65 N), RS(2.00 N), and SS (3.75 N) bread. The addition of 1% HPMC to RS increased the loaf volume (2.44 cm3/g),but decreased the bread’s hardness (1.80 N). As to the sensory properties, the bread with heat-treatedflour was perceived to have a less beany odour and taste than was the bread with non-heat-treated flour.However, the latter had a better appearance than the former. These results indicated that soy flour pretreatmentcould enhance the loaf volume and reduce the beany flavour of whole soy bread.
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