Most of the wastewaters are unlikely to settle readily without the
aid in the form of chemical coagulation and flocculation. Chemical
coagulation and flocculation are the most important steps to
remove colloidal particles and turbidity from wastewater and are
known to aggregate wastewater constituents within the size ranging
from 0.1 mm to 10 mm [35]. Table 2 represents a list of physical–chemical
hybrid systems that has been researched with
pollutants removal percentage (%). From Table 2, it is reported that
any integration of coagulation and flocculation systems with any
physical unit operations is able to remove 90% or more of turbidity.