The combined application of BA, BM and AS not only achieved greater increases in soil pH and reductions in soil exchangeable acidity than any individual application of the amendments, but also increased the exchangeable Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+, ECEC and available P of the five Ultisols simultaneously, thus improved soil fertility. The application of the amendments did not increase available heavy metals in the soils significantly, but the potential risk of heavy metals in the amendments needs to be assessed
through long-term experiments under field conditions in future.