1. IntroductionLaminated flooring ha

1. Introduction
Laminated flooring has been widely used in Europe for over 20 years and recently it is getting popular in North America [1]. In general, laminated flooring consisted of four main elements which are bonded together in the form of a sandwich. High-density fiberboard (HDF) having a density above 0.85g/cm3 (HDF) is one of the most commonly used wood composite panels for the core layer. A wear resistant decorative paper usually saturated with melamine base resin is located in the core layer. A clear cap sheet made of aluminum oxide saturated film and a balancing backing are also put on the top of decorative paper and on the back of the panel, respectively. The main purpose of aluminum oxide film is to protect the surface against any stain. Laminate flooring should be durable and have high wear resistance. Some of these flooring panels have
at least twenty times higher strength and durability than that of a typical laminated kitchen countertop. Pressure, temperature, press time, and the quality of press caul are some of the parameters influencing the overall quality of final products. Surface roughness of the core material, HDF also plays a significant role for a proper construction. Any surface irregularities on the core or substrate may show through the overlay films and papers resulting in lowquality bonding between the layers. Subjective methods such as visual observation which depend on sandpaper grit sizes are commonly used to get a general idea about the surface roughness of wood composites used as substrate for overlaying. An accepted quantitative method to measure the surface quality of wood composite panels including HDF has not been established. Several methods such as laser, pneumatic, acoustic emission, and microscopy have been used to measure surface characteristics of wood-based composites. [2–8]. The stylus method which is used to evaluate the surface of metal and plastic materials gains most attention among various techniques since it evaluates
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Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [e-mail] (H. Kalaycioglu), [e-mail] (S. Hiziroglu).
the surface quality in terms of well-established numerical parameters [9–12]. It is accurate, practical, repeatable, and quantitative roughness parameters can also be precisely calculated by this method. Variables such as the stylus tip radius, the surface force produced by the stylus, and cut-off length of the profile have important influence on the accuracy of the results [13]. Cut-off length which is a filtering parameter separates unfiltered actual profile into two profiles, namely roughness and waviness profiles. Based on the standard, cut-off length should be at least 2.5 times the peak-to-peak spacing of the profile roughness so that a minimum of two peaks and valleys can be included within each cut-off length [13]. In this study, all three roughness parameters, Ra, Rz, and Rmax were calculated based on the filtered roughness profile. The use of the stylus technique in evaluating surface roughness of wood composites has been discussed in past studies [14–18]. The objective of this study is to evaluate surface roughness of both flooring samples before and after they were overlaid with melamine resin saturated decorative papers using a stylus technique. Established initial data will provide numerical qualitative values about the surface characteristics of such flooring samples. Also it is expected that the data will lead to improvement in overlaying process of the substrate resulting in a better quality of flooring product.
2. Materials and methods
A total of 20, 10 HDF and 10 laminated flooring samples in 11cm
11cm
0.7cm were randomly cut from commercially manufactured panels. HDF samples were sanded with a sequence of 120- and 180-grit sand papers during the manufacturing. Mixed hardwood furnish was the raw material for the HDF base. Fig. 1 illustrates the construction of the overlaid samples. All of the samples were conditioned in a room with a temperature of 201C and relative humidity of 65% prior the measurements. Surface roughness of the samples was quantitatively evaluated at initial dry condition, and
sequentially as they were soaked in water for 2-h, 24-h, and 15 days. Direction of the sandmarks on the sanded HDF panels were identified using the China marker when they were dry and a total of 20 roughness measurements were taken from the surface of samples both along and across the sandmarks at each exposure. Overlaid HDF samples were commercially produced using continuous press lines having a speed of 240mm/s. Full-size panels were laminated using a pressure of 38kg/cm2 pressure at a temperature of 2031C for 27s. The surfaces of the laminated samples were also embossed during the overlaying process to emphasize rays, and grain orientation to imitate natural appearance of solid wood. Similar to HDF samples, 20 measurements were also taken from the surface of such laminated samples along and across grain orientation of the melamine-impregnated papers based on visual identification. Measurements were repeated at the same locations after the samples were soaked in water for 2-h, 24h and 15 days. A portable stylus profilometer, the Hommel Tester T-500 unit was used for the roughness measurements. Fig. 2 shows the profilometer on a flooring sample. The profilometer consists of main unit and pick-up which has a skid-type diamond stylus with 5mm tip radius and 901 tip angle. The stylus traverses the surface at a constant speed of 1mm/s over 15mm tracing length. The vertical displacement of the stylus is converted into an electrical signal by a linear displacement detector before the signals are amplified and transferred into digital information. Roughness parameters can be calculated from the digital information. Three parameters, Ra, Rz, and Rmax were considered to evaluate the surface characteristics of the flooring samples. The specifications and definitions of the three roughness parameters are discussed in previous studies [4,5,19]. Figs. 3A–C depict typical roughness profiles of HDF and laminated samples as dry, 2-h, and 24-h, water soaked, respectively.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of overlaying of the flooring sample. Fig. 2. Su

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

1. บทนำflooring เคลือบได้ถูกใช้ในยุโรปมากกว่า 20 ปี และล่าสุด ได้รับความนิยมในอเมริกาเหนือ [1] ทั่วไป flooring เคลือบประกอบด้วย 4 องค์ประกอบหลักซึ่งยึดติดกันในรูปแบบของแซนด์วิช เนื้อมีความหนา fiberboard (HDF) มีความหนาแน่นเหนือ 0.85 g/cm3 (HDF) เป็นแผงไม้คอมโพสิตที่ใช้บ่อยที่สุดสำหรับชั้นหลักอย่างใดอย่างหนึ่ง กระดาษตกแต่งทนสวมใส่มักจะอิ่มตัว ด้วยเมลามีนเรซินฐานจะอยู่ในเลเยอร์หลัก แผ่นฝาครอบใสทำ film อลูมิเนียมออกไซด์ที่อิ่มตัว และการสร้างสมดุลของการสำรองข้อมูลที่ทำ บนกระดาษสำหรับตกแต่ง และ ด้านหลังของแผง ตามลำดับ วัตถุประสงค์หลักของ film อลูมิเนียมออกไซด์จะปกป้องพื้นผิวจากคราบใด ๆ flooring ลามิเนตควรจะทนทาน และมีความต้านทานการสึกหรอสูง บางแผงเหล่านี้ flooringน้อยครั้งที่ยี่สิบสูงความแข็งแรงและความทนทานมากกว่าที่เคาน์เตอร์ครัวลามิเนตทั่วไป ความดัน อุณหภูมิ เวลากด และคุณภาพของข่าว caul มี influencing พารามิเตอร์ final ผลิตภัณฑ์ดีขึ้น ความหยาบผิววัสดุหลัก HDF ยังมีบทบาท significant สำหรับการก่อสร้างที่เหมาะสม ความผิดปกติใด ๆ ผิวบนหลักการพื้นผิวอาจแสดงซ้อนทับ films และเอกสารที่เกิดขึ้นในการยึดติดระหว่างชั้น lowquality โดยทั่วไปใช้วิธีการตามอัตวิสัยเช่นสังเกตภาพซึ่งขึ้นอยู่กับขนาดกระดาษทราย grit เพื่อรับความคิดทั่วไปเกี่ยวกับความหยาบพื้นผิวของวัสดุผสมไม้ใช้เป็นพื้นผิวสำหรับการปรากฏ วิธีการเชิงปริมาณที่ยอมรับเพื่อวัดคุณภาพพื้นผิวของแผงคอมโพสิตไม้ HDF รวมทั้งไม่ก่อตั้งขึ้น มีการใช้หลายวิธีเช่นเลเซอร์ มลพิษลม อะคูสติก และ microscopy วัดลักษณะพื้นผิวของไม้โดยใช้คอมโพสิต [2-8] วิธีสไตลัสซึ่งใช้ประเมินพื้นผิวของวัสดุโลหะ และพลาสติก รับความสนใจมากที่สุดในเทคนิคต่าง ๆ ตั้งแต่ประเมินบทความในวารสารwww.elsevier.com/locate/buildenv0360-1323 / $-ดูหน้าเรื่องอาร์ 2005 เผยแพร่ โดย Elsevier จำกัด doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.012ผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้อง ที่อยู่อีเมล์: [e-mail] (H. Kalaycioglu), (S. Hiziroglu) ใน [e-mail] surface quality in terms of well-established numerical parameters [9–12]. It is accurate, practical, repeatable, and quantitative roughness parameters can also be precisely calculated by this method. Variables such as the stylus tip radius, the surface force produced by the stylus, and cut-off length of the profile have important influence on the accuracy of the results [13]. Cut-off length which is a filtering parameter separates unfiltered actual profile into two profiles, namely roughness and waviness profiles. Based on the standard, cut-off length should be at least 2.5 times the peak-to-peak spacing of the profile roughness so that a minimum of two peaks and valleys can be included within each cut-off length [13]. In this study, all three roughness parameters, Ra, Rz, and Rmax were calculated based on the filtered roughness profile. The use of the stylus technique in evaluating surface roughness of wood composites has been discussed in past studies [14–18]. The objective of this study is to evaluate surface roughness of both flooring samples before and after they were overlaid with melamine resin saturated decorative papers using a stylus technique. Established initial data will provide numerical qualitative values about the surface characteristics of such flooring samples. Also it is expected that the data will lead to improvement in overlaying process of the substrate resulting in a better quality of flooring product.2. Materials and methodsA total of 20, 10 HDF and 10 laminated flooring samples in 11cm
11cm
0.7cm were randomly cut from commercially manufactured panels. HDF samples were sanded with a sequence of 120- and 180-grit sand papers during the manufacturing. Mixed hardwood furnish was the raw material for the HDF base. Fig. 1 illustrates the construction of the overlaid samples. All of the samples were conditioned in a room with a temperature of 201C and relative humidity of 65% prior the measurements. Surface roughness of the samples was quantitatively evaluated at initial dry condition, andsequentially as they were soaked in water for 2-h, 24-h, and 15 days. Direction of the sandmarks on the sanded HDF panels were identified using the China marker when they were dry and a total of 20 roughness measurements were taken from the surface of samples both along and across the sandmarks at each exposure. Overlaid HDF samples were commercially produced using continuous press lines having a speed of 240mm/s. Full-size panels were laminated using a pressure of 38kg/cm2 pressure at a temperature of 2031C for 27s. The surfaces of the laminated samples were also embossed during the overlaying process to emphasize rays, and grain orientation to imitate natural appearance of solid wood. Similar to HDF samples, 20 measurements were also taken from the surface of such laminated samples along and across grain orientation of the melamine-impregnated papers based on visual identification. Measurements were repeated at the same locations after the samples were soaked in water for 2-h, 24h and 15 days. A portable stylus profilometer, the Hommel Tester T-500 unit was used for the roughness measurements. Fig. 2 shows the profilometer on a flooring sample. The profilometer consists of main unit and pick-up which has a skid-type diamond stylus with 5mm tip radius and 901 tip angle. The stylus traverses the surface at a constant speed of 1mm/s over 15mm tracing length. The vertical displacement of the stylus is converted into an electrical signal by a linear displacement detector before the signals are amplified and transferred into digital information. Roughness parameters can be calculated from the digital information. Three parameters, Ra, Rz, and Rmax were considered to evaluate the surface characteristics of the flooring samples. The specifications and definitions of the three roughness parameters are discussed in previous studies [4,5,19]. Figs. 3A–C depict typical roughness profiles of HDF and laminated samples as dry, 2-h, and 24-h, water soaked, respectively.ARTICLE IN PRESSFig. 1. Schematic illustration of overlaying of the flooring sample. Fig. 2. Su

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

1 . บทนำ
เคลือบfl ooring ได้ถูกใช้อย่างกว้างขวางในยุโรปมานานกว่า 20 ปี และล่าสุดมันได้รับความนิยมในอเมริกาเหนือ [ 1 ] ในทั่วไป , ลามิเนตfl ooring ประกอบด้วย 4 องค์ประกอบหลัก ซึ่งจะถูกผูกมัดเข้าด้วยกันในรูปแบบของแซนด์วิช berboard จึงมีความหนาแน่นสูง ( HDF ) มีความหนาแน่นสูงกว่า 0ออนซ์ 85g ลิตร ( HDF ) เป็นหนึ่งในส่วนใหญ่นิยมใช้ไม้คอมโพสิตสำหรับแก่นชั้นใน ทนใส่กระดาษตกแต่งมักจะอิ่มตัวด้วยเมลามีนเรซิ่น ตั้งอยู่ในฐานแก่นชั้นใน แผ่นใสหมวกทำจากอลูมิเนียมออกไซด์ LM และสมดุลอิ่มตัวจึงสนับสนุนยังใส่ด้านบนของกระดาษตกแต่ง และที่ด้านหลังของแผง ตามลำดับวัตถุประสงค์หลักของอลูมิเนียมออกไซด์ อิม จึงคือการปกป้องพื้นผิวจากคราบใด ๆ . ลามิเนตfl ooring น่าจะทนทาน และมีความต้านทานการสึกหรอสูง บางส่วนของเหล่านี้fl ooring แผงมี
อย่างน้อยยี่สิบเท่าความแข็งแรงและทนทานกว่าของทั่วไป ลามิเนต ครัวเคาน์เตอร์ ความดัน อุณหภูมิ เวลา กด