If any system is perceived as a network, then the network responds in manners determined by the number of communication routes, the density of traffic those routes carry, the direction of traffic flows, the centrality of individual players and their relationship to centre and periphery, and the quality of information and knowledge existing in the network. Local chaotic structures thus create tensions in a wider network, but the network may create boundaries that constrain the complexity. Thus, RTOs may grow and collapse within a wider system of tourism planning and promotion. In short, while the pioneering work of Faulkner and his colleagues is of importance in shaping our understanding of tourism systems, the complexities may be yet even more complex than that initially envisaged—with systems being like the proverbial Russian dolls wherein each contains mirror images embedded one within the other. But, like perhaps Russia itself, inherent tendencies continue to reassert themselves and constrain systems to processes of evolution rather than abrupt dynamic patterns of change.