Excluding criteria were: administration of pain relief drugs, skin disease in the field of intervention, fetal distress,
bleeding, fever, and disagreement with participation in the study. Warm and cold packs were used intermittently on low
back and lower abdomen during the first phase and on perineum during the second phase of labor. Pain intensity was
assessed with Visual Analogue Scale. Descriptive statistic, chi square, and t-test were used for data analysis.