The kidney is a principally responsible organ for
retention and excretion of electrolytes and fluid in healthy
individuals.[3] But, other mechanisms like hormonal
interactions of antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone,
and parathyroid hormone, and other factors such as
physiological stress also play important roles in regulating
fl uid and electrolyte balance in the organism. Studies about
the clinical prevalence of electrolyte imbalances often
report that these disorders are frequently seen in elderly and
critically ill patients, and occur in the progression of diseases