Finally, ethics education can enable scientists to place their positions into a logical framework from
which they can look for consistent approaches to related problems. In this sense it was the perspective
of the Dartmouth team that the involvement of philosophers in both course design and teaching of
research ethics is central to development of a course in this discipline. In contrast to the dismissive
approach taken by some scientists, we believe that philosophers are essential in assisting scientists to
define a realistic, rational ethical framework from which to view ethical problems. Just as a scientist
would not try to develop a project in a related but different scientific field without collaboration with an
expert in that scientific field, so developing a course is ethics without the benefit of ethicists is a naive
endeavor.
Moral problems are not isolated from one another, and solutions to ethical problems in science cannot
run counter to solutions to ethical problems outside of science. It cannot be moral for a scientist to
deceive or to break a promise without justification any more than it is moral for a physician, an auto
mechanic, or a secretary to do so. Because morality is a public system, our solutions to one problem
have implications for others. Morality is a public system in that it is, at its fundamental level, a series of
generally understood but rarely spoken rules about how we act in relation to one another. When
Professor R in scenario 2 decided to give first authorship to his student, this decision had implications
for all first authors. First authorship cannot mean both that an individual has had primary responsibility
for conceiving of, developing, and performing a set of experiments and that this individual has not had
this responsibility. Exceptions to the rule must themselves be publicly explicit to be moral.
Just as philosophy has been central to medical, engineering, and legal ethics, it is central to research
ethics. A study of moral theory can help scientists to identify moral problems and differentiate these
from legal, social, and economic problems. An approach centered in philosophical tradition will also help
scientists clarify the value of making their positions and their arguments explicit. It will expose
inconsistencies in the scientist’s approach in dealing with ethical matters. On a problem-by-problem
basis, a philosophical approach can assist scientists in separating actions that are morally neutral, and
thus morally permitted, from those that involve responsibilities and are thus morally required, from
those that are unacceptable and thus morally prohibited. Moral theory need not be learned in great detail,
and it is not necessary to learn about the variety of moral theories that have become accepted as the
“standard” theories. What is necessary is learning to approach moral problems in a systematic way.
We designed our graduate course with an eye toward those topics that we felt would provide the best
foundation in ethical decision making. We began by reviewing the topics covered during two years of our
University Seminar, and from these we chose those topics that we felt would be of the greatest value in
conveying conventions and responsibilities to students at an early stage in their careers.
The content areas covered in the University Seminar included methodology, reporting research,
professional honesty, research relationships and communication, institutional responses, conflict of
interest, journalism and science, human and animal experimentation, and objectivity in science. From
these we chose to concentrate in the graduate course on topics of immediate importance “at the bench”:
methodology, reporting research, institutional responsibility, peer review, human experimentation, and
animal experimentation. We also included a session on interpersonal interactions in the lab. Issues of
social responsibility, including such topics as “journalism and science” and “objectivity in science,” were
set aside
ในที่สุด การศึกษาจริยธรรมสามารถเปิดใช้งานนักวิทยาศาสตร์การวางตำแหน่งในการงานจากซึ่งพวกเขาสามารถหาวิธีการที่สอดคล้องกันที่เกี่ยวข้องกับปัญหา ในความรู้สึกนี้ มันเป็นมุมมองของดาร์ทเมาท์ทีมงานที่มีส่วนร่วมของนักปรัชญาทั้งในหลักสูตรการออกแบบและการสอนของจริยธรรมการวิจัยเป็นศูนย์กลางของการพัฒนาหลักสูตรในสาขาวิชานี้ ตรงข้ามกับ dismissiveวิธีการถ่าย โดยนักวิทยาศาสตร์บางคน เราเชื่อว่า นักปรัชญามีความจำเป็นในการช่วยเหลือนักวิทยาศาสตร์เพื่อกำหนดกรอบจริยธรรมเหตุผล เหตุผลที่จะดูปัญหาจริยธรรม เป็นนักวิทยาศาสตร์จะพยายามที่พัฒนาโครงการในเขตข้อมูลทางวิทยาศาสตร์ที่เกี่ยวข้องกัน แต่แตกต่างกันโดยความร่วมมือกับการผู้เชี่ยวชาญในด้านวิทยาศาสตร์ที่ พัฒนาหลักสูตรเป็น หลักโดยไม่ได้ของ ethicists คือความไร้เดียงสาความพยายามปัญหาศีลธรรมไม่แยกจากกัน และไม่สามารถแก้ไขปัญหาด้านจริยธรรมทางวิทยาศาสตร์นับที่เรียกใช้การแก้ไขปัญหาจริยธรรมภายนอกวิทยาศาสตร์ สามารถคุณธรรมสำหรับนักวิทยาศาสตร์ไปหลอกลวง หรือการแบ่งสัญญา โดยไม่มีเหตุผล ใด ๆ มากกว่ามันเป็นจริยธรรมสำหรับแพทย์ อัตโนมัติช่าง หรือเลขานุการดังนี้ เนื่องจากจริยธรรมเป็นระบบสาธารณะ วิธีแก้ไขปัญหาหนึ่งของเรามีผลกระทบอื่น ๆ ศีลธรรมเป็นระบบสาธารณะที่มันเป็น ในระดับพื้นฐาน ชุดโดยทั่วไปเข้าใจแต่กฎไม่ค่อยพูดเกี่ยวกับวิธีที่เราปฏิบัติให้สัมพันธ์กัน เมื่อProfessor R in scenario 2 decided to give first authorship to his student, this decision had implicationsfor all first authors. First authorship cannot mean both that an individual has had primary responsibilityfor conceiving of, developing, and performing a set of experiments and that this individual has not hadthis responsibility. Exceptions to the rule must themselves be publicly explicit to be moral.Just as philosophy has been central to medical, engineering, and legal ethics, it is central to researchethics. A study of moral theory can help scientists to identify moral problems and differentiate thesefrom legal, social, and economic problems. An approach centered in philosophical tradition will also helpscientists clarify the value of making their positions and their arguments explicit. It will exposeinconsistencies in the scientist’s approach in dealing with ethical matters. On a problem-by-problembasis, a philosophical approach can assist scientists in separating actions that are morally neutral, andthus morally permitted, from those that involve responsibilities and are thus morally required, fromthose that are unacceptable and thus morally prohibited. Moral theory need not be learned in great detail,and it is not necessary to learn about the variety of moral theories that have become accepted as the“standard” theories. What is necessary is learning to approach moral problems in a systematic way.We designed our graduate course with an eye toward those topics that we felt would provide the best
foundation in ethical decision making. We began by reviewing the topics covered during two years of our
University Seminar, and from these we chose those topics that we felt would be of the greatest value in
conveying conventions and responsibilities to students at an early stage in their careers.
The content areas covered in the University Seminar included methodology, reporting research,
professional honesty, research relationships and communication, institutional responses, conflict of
interest, journalism and science, human and animal experimentation, and objectivity in science. From
these we chose to concentrate in the graduate course on topics of immediate importance “at the bench”:
methodology, reporting research, institutional responsibility, peer review, human experimentation, and
animal experimentation. We also included a session on interpersonal interactions in the lab. Issues of
social responsibility, including such topics as “journalism and science” and “objectivity in science,” were
set aside
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