Mulberry was purchased from the Taichung District Agricultural Research Station in Tai-Pin, Taichung, Taiwan. MWEs were prepared as previously described
(Peng et al., 2011). Briefly, mulberry fruit (100 g) was macerated, stirred with water
(200 mL). The suspension was centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 15 min, filtered to remove the debris and concentrated under reduced pressure (about 30 cmHg) at
30C. The aqueous solution was lyophilized (80C, 12 h) to obtain MWEs and
stored at20C before use