One typical and traditional approach prescribed in instructional design for developing learning goals is to identify the desired outcomes or behaviors the learners are expected to exhibit after the learning has occurred. In this case goals are based on the content to be learned. This is readily accomplished when there is specific content or skills to be learned that the learners do not currently possess. The learners are not usually involved in developing goals based on desired outcomes because instructors or other content experts determine that certain knowledge, attitudes, or skills are required. These requirements are often based on a task or content analysis. When learners have not been involved in the decision-making process, it is important to help them identify with and develop a sense of ownership of the goals and the learning process so that they will be committed to achieving the goals.