Glyphosate-based herbicides were also extensively used in the
aquatic environments to destroy unnecessary flora [8]. These ecosystems
are especially exposed to pollution by various pesticides,
due to intentional application, aerial drift, runoff from agricultural
fields and/or runoff from accidental release [9]. For example, use of
copper (II) sulfate (IV) over the past century against mildew (Plasmopara
viticola, Berk. & M.A. Curtis) and other fungal diseases on
vineyards caused an increase of copper (II) pollution into aquatic
environments [10]. According to Mateos-Naranjo et al. [11],
although glyphosate is more environmental favorable than many
other herbicides, it may be dangerous for aquatic ecosystems
through high water solubility (68.6 mM = 11.6 g dm3). Tsui
and Chou [8] showed that glyphosate toxicity towards various
water organisms depends on its formula and applied doses in different
commercial products. Against bacterium Vibrio fischeri (Beijerinck),
microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz) and
Skeletonema costatum (Greville), protozoa Tetrahymena pyriformis
(Ehr.) and Euplotes vannus (Muller), and crustaceans Cariodaphnia
dubia (Richard) and Acartia tonsa (Dana) Roundup and its surfactant
polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) were more toxic than IPA salt
of glyphosate and glyphosate acid. Microalgae and crustaceans
were 4–5 folds more sensitive to the herbicides than bacterium
and protozoa, and Roundup toxicity to C. dubia was elevated by increase
of pH value and suspended sediment concentration. On the
other hand, glyphosate harmfulness to freshwater green alga
Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turbin) was connected with reduction
of its growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis by
2mg dm3 of herbicide, and complete inhibition of these processes
by the herbicide concentration equal to or higher than
20 mg dm3
Glyphosate-based herbicides were also extensively used in the
aquatic environments to destroy unnecessary flora [8]. These ecosystems
are especially exposed to pollution by various pesticides,
due to intentional application, aerial drift, runoff from agricultural
fields and/or runoff from accidental release [9]. For example, use of
copper (II) sulfate (IV) over the past century against mildew (Plasmopara
viticola, Berk. & M.A. Curtis) and other fungal diseases on
vineyards caused an increase of copper (II) pollution into aquatic
environments [10]. According to Mateos-Naranjo et al. [11],
although glyphosate is more environmental favorable than many
other herbicides, it may be dangerous for aquatic ecosystems
through high water solubility (68.6 mM = 11.6 g dm3). Tsui
and Chou [8] showed that glyphosate toxicity towards various
water organisms depends on its formula and applied doses in different
commercial products. Against bacterium Vibrio fischeri (Beijerinck),
microalgae Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz) and
Skeletonema costatum (Greville), protozoa Tetrahymena pyriformis
(Ehr.) and Euplotes vannus (Muller), and crustaceans Cariodaphnia
dubia (Richard) and Acartia tonsa (Dana) Roundup and its surfactant
polyoxyethylene amine (POEA) were more toxic than IPA salt
of glyphosate and glyphosate acid. Microalgae and crustaceans
were 4–5 folds more sensitive to the herbicides than bacterium
and protozoa, and Roundup toxicity to C. dubia was elevated by increase
of pH value and suspended sediment concentration. On the
other hand, glyphosate harmfulness to freshwater green alga
Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turbin) was connected with reduction
of its growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll-a synthesis by
2mg dm3 of herbicide, and complete inhibition of these processes
by the herbicide concentration equal to or higher than
20 mg dm3
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