I. INTRODUCTION
IN RECENT years, electric vehicles (EVs) have received
much attention as an alternative to traditional internal combustion
engine (ICE) vehicles. The unprecedented focus is
mainly attributable to environmental and economic concerns
linked to the consumption of fossil-based oil which is used as
fuel in ICE-powered vehicles. With the progress of battery and
motor technology [1], the EVs become the most promising alternative
to the ICE vehicles. Plug-in EVs use a battery system
which can be recharged from standard power outlets. Since the
performance characteristics of EVs have become comparable
to, if not better than, those of traditional ICE vehicles, EVs
present a realistic alternative. Regenerative braking can be used
in EVs as a process for recycling the brake energy, which is
impossible in the conventional internal combustion vehicles.
Regenerative braking is the process of feeding energy from the
drive motor back into the battery during the braking process,
when the vehicle’s inertia forces the motor into generator mode.