Silvicultural systems are generally viewed as resulting in the development of either even-aged
(clearcut, seedtree, shelterwood, or coppice methods) or uneven-aged (group- or single-tree selection methods) forest stands (Table 1). Alternately, they can be characterized by the degree of canopy influence during the various stages of stand development. Clearcut systems have minimal canopy influence throughout establishment and growth. Seedtree systems are typified by canopy seedfall but minimal protection for establishing regeneration. Shelterwood systems have canopy protection during establishment and early growth of new seedlings. Selection systems are characterized by a dominance of canopy influences throughout the life of the stand.