Each teaching-learning model involves parameter estimates, measures of overall fit, component fit measure, and modification.
The goodness-of-fit indices of all models and the path parameter estimates of the optimized models are listed in Tables 5 and 6.
The goodness-of-fit indices of a model determine the degree to which the model as a whole is consistent with the empirical data in the study.
A wide range of goodness-of-fit indices can be used to test the model’s overall fit, but none of them is unequivocally superior to the rest in all circumstances.
Multiple criteria are thus suggested to test the structural equation models (Schumacker and Lomax 1996), including degree of freedom, chi-square, root mean square error of approximation, standardized root mean square residual, comparative fit index, goodness-of-fit index, and adjusted goodness-of-fit index (Diamantopoulos and Siguaw 2000; Bollen 1989).