The proper folding of any amino acid sequence into a functional protein involves a combination of physical forces; short-range repulsions, electrostatic forces (i.e., charge–charge interactions and dipole moments), van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions (Branden and Tooze, 1991; Creighton, 1993). The laws of thermodynamics require a protein to assume a configuration that expends the least amount of free energy to maintain it. Electrostatic, hydrogen bond, and van der Waals interactions in aqueous environments, such as the cell, are weak compared to interactions with the water surrounding a protein; however, proteins also contain regions of hydrophobic amino acids. Generally, this leads to orientation of hydrophilic amino acids on the exterior of a protein and hydrophobic amino acids packed into the interior to exclude water from the protein core. This hydrophobic effect, or the exclusion of water from the protein interior, causes a large increase in entropy with the close packing of hydrophobic residues reducing enthalpy; these thermodynamic changes yield a stable system with low free energy (Kilara and Sharkasi, 1986). The combination of various forces maintains a protein’s three-dimensional structure and allows it to perform a biological function.