- ข้อความ
- ประวัติศาสตร์
Chapter 1 Introduction to ResearchC
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data, information to be useful and relevant?
- Discocery : How can we accedpt itas “correctness”
Valid and serve as “new knowledge”
Class Participation 1
Scientific info., fiction/ speculation, truth, etc. ?
. Avian flu comes from migratory birds.
. One of strains of Avian flu is H5N1.
. A cause of stronger hurricane is due to global warming.
. To reduce carbondioxide in atmosphere is to put it underground.
. We can accept those observed through “research”
“ development” “scientific inquiry”
What research is not ?
. Examples of statement that describe what research is not. (common misconception of research)
1. Research is merely information gathering.
2. Research is not merely transportation of facts.
3. Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- to ask the significant question.
- to collect and interpret relevant data.
- To answer the question.
- Result : expansion of frontier of knowledge . Ready for new applications.
- Research is more than an academic requirement.
Characters of Research
1. Start with “questions” or “problems”.
2. Clear articulation “ research goals”
3. Specific conductiong procedures.
4. Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,Alvarez has come to conclusion that ane possible cause of the dinosaur extinction was due to a sudden change of the earth env. By great meteorite impact
To get “your feet wet” in Research World,
You MUST take sometimes to read research articles
In journals of your academic field.
. in the library
. using internet
. personal communication and etc.
Chapter 2 : Types of Research
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบ ตามค่าของสาเหตุ
(Correlational Study) (Covariation Rule)
B) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2) สาเหตุ ย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน ผล
(Experimental Study) (Temporal Precedence Rule)
C) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบัง หรือ
(Survey Study) ลบเลือน โดยสาเหตุอื่น
(Intemal Validity Ruile)
Class Participation 1
Given :
1. Small glass of water
2. Big glass of water
3. White fertilizer
4. Black fertilizer
5. A bottle of oil for po;ishing leaves
From the given items,
What causes the plant to flourish
Class Participation 2
It is believed that students at Trium Udom school perform
Better academically because of
A: Good teaching in the school
B: The students as raw material are good brfore attending the school
Required a rigorous proof through research
If “ “ is more inferential causes than “-“, therefore “-“
Has to be rejected as a cause according to “internal validity rule”
Class Participation 3
SMS case
TV reporter asked watchers to send SMS to
Identify the truth of some events.
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction?”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research : emphasis on gathering,
Interpretating quanlitative data (non numerical data)
i.e.symbolic/ descriptive words,.expression/impression
of researcher. In the sense that the researcher is an instrument.
Tool of Research
Distinction between “Tool of research” and
“methodology of research”
Tool of research is a specific mechanism or strategy the
Researcher uses to collect, manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind. ( logical reasoning)
6. Language.
Four scales of measurement
1. Norminal scale : measurement in general e.g.gender,
name, regial part, different from another.
2. Ordinal scale : in a comparative way, higher, greater,
lesser, percentilerank, order correlation.
3. Interval scale : equal measurement unit, weigh distance, temperature, score in an exam. One unit is so many units more than other.
4. Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data, information to be useful and relevant?
- Discocery : How can we accedpt itas “correctness”
Valid and serve as “new knowledge”
Class Participation 1
Scientific info., fiction/ speculation, truth, etc. ?
. Avian flu comes from migratory birds.
. One of strains of Avian flu is H5N1.
. A cause of stronger hurricane is due to global warming.
. To reduce carbondioxide in atmosphere is to put it underground.
. We can accept those observed through “research”
“ development” “scientific inquiry”
What research is not ?
. Examples of statement that describe what research is not. (common misconception of research)
1. Research is merely information gathering.
2. Research is not merely transportation of facts.
3. Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- to ask the significant question.
- to collect and interpret relevant data.
- To answer the question.
- Result : expansion of frontier of knowledge . Ready for new applications.
- Research is more than an academic requirement.
Characters of Research
1. Start with “questions” or “problems”.
2. Clear articulation “ research goals”
3. Specific conductiong procedures.
4. Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,Alvarez has come to conclusion that ane possible cause of the dinosaur extinction was due to a sudden change of the earth env. By great meteorite impact
To get “your feet wet” in Research World,
You MUST take sometimes to read research articles
In journals of your academic field.
. in the library
. using internet
. personal communication and etc.
Chapter 2 : Types of Research
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบ ตามค่าของสาเหตุ
(Correlational Study) (Covariation Rule)
B) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2) สาเหตุ ย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน ผล
(Experimental Study) (Temporal Precedence Rule)
C) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบัง หรือ
(Survey Study) ลบเลือน โดยสาเหตุอื่น
(Intemal Validity Ruile)
Class Participation 1
Given :
1. Small glass of water
2. Big glass of water
3. White fertilizer
4. Black fertilizer
5. A bottle of oil for po;ishing leaves
From the given items,
What causes the plant to flourish
Class Participation 2
It is believed that students at Trium Udom school perform
Better academically because of
A: Good teaching in the school
B: The students as raw material are good brfore attending the school
Required a rigorous proof through research
If “ “ is more inferential causes than “-“, therefore “-“
Has to be rejected as a cause according to “internal validity rule”
Class Participation 3
SMS case
TV reporter asked watchers to send SMS to
Identify the truth of some events.
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction?”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research : emphasis on gathering,
Interpretating quanlitative data (non numerical data)
i.e.symbolic/ descriptive words,.expression/impression
of researcher. In the sense that the researcher is an instrument.
Tool of Research
Distinction between “Tool of research” and
“methodology of research”
Tool of research is a specific mechanism or strategy the
Researcher uses to collect, manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind. ( logical reasoning)
6. Language.
Four scales of measurement
1. Norminal scale : measurement in general e.g.gender,
name, regial part, different from another.
2. Ordinal scale : in a comparative way, higher, greater,
lesser, percentilerank, order correlation.
3. Interval scale : equal measurement unit, weigh distance, temperature, score in an exam. One unit is so many units more than other.
4. Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
0/5000
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data, information to be useful and relevant?
- Discocery : How can we accedpt itas “correctness”
Valid and serve as “new knowledge”
Class Participation 1
Scientific info., fiction/ speculation, truth, etc. ?
. Avian flu comes from migratory birds.
. One of strains of Avian flu is H5N1.
. A cause of stronger hurricane is due to global warming.
. To reduce carbondioxide in atmosphere is to put it underground.
. We can accept those observed through “research”
“ development” “scientific inquiry”
What research is not ?
. Examples of statement that describe what research is not. (common misconception of research)
1. Research is merely information gathering.
2. Research is not merely transportation of facts.
3. Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- to ask the significant question.
- to collect and interpret relevant data.
- To answer the question.
- Result : expansion of frontier of knowledge . Ready for new applications.
- Research is more than an academic requirement.
Characters of Research
1. Start with “questions” or “problems”.
2. Clear articulation “ research goals”
3. Specific conductiong procedures.
4. Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,Alvarez has come to conclusion that ane possible cause of the dinosaur extinction was due to a sudden change of the earth env. By great meteorite impact
To get “your feet wet” in Research World,
You MUST take sometimes to read research articles
In journals of your academic field.
. in the library
. using internet
. personal communication and etc.
Chapter 2 : Types of Research
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบ ตามค่าของสาเหตุ
(Correlational Study) (Covariation Rule)
B) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2) สาเหตุ ย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน ผล
(Experimental Study) (Temporal Precedence Rule)
C) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบัง หรือ
(Survey Study) ลบเลือน โดยสาเหตุอื่น
(Intemal Validity Ruile)
Class Participation 1
Given :
1. Small glass of water
2. Big glass of water
3. White fertilizer
4. Black fertilizer
5. A bottle of oil for po;ishing leaves
From the given items,
What causes the plant to flourish
Class Participation 2
It is believed that students at Trium Udom school perform
Better academically because of
A: Good teaching in the school
B: The students as raw material are good brfore attending the school
Required a rigorous proof through research
If “ “ is more inferential causes than “-“, therefore “-“
Has to be rejected as a cause according to “internal validity rule”
Class Participation 3
SMS case
TV reporter asked watchers to send SMS to
Identify the truth of some events.
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction?”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research : emphasis on gathering,
Interpretating quanlitative data (non numerical data)
i.e.symbolic/ descriptive words,.expression/impression
of researcher. In the sense that the researcher is an instrument.
Tool of Research
Distinction between “Tool of research” and
“methodology of research”
Tool of research is a specific mechanism or strategy the
Researcher uses to collect, manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind. ( logical reasoning)
6. Language.
Four scales of measurement
1. Norminal scale : measurement in general e.g.gender,
name, regial part, different from another.
2. Ordinal scale : in a comparative way, higher, greater,
lesser, percentilerank, order correlation.
3. Interval scale : equal measurement unit, weigh distance, temperature, score in an exam. One unit is so many units more than other.
4. Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data, information to be useful and relevant?
- Discocery : How can we accedpt itas “correctness”
Valid and serve as “new knowledge”
Class Participation 1
Scientific info., fiction/ speculation, truth, etc. ?
. Avian flu comes from migratory birds.
. One of strains of Avian flu is H5N1.
. A cause of stronger hurricane is due to global warming.
. To reduce carbondioxide in atmosphere is to put it underground.
. We can accept those observed through “research”
“ development” “scientific inquiry”
What research is not ?
. Examples of statement that describe what research is not. (common misconception of research)
1. Research is merely information gathering.
2. Research is not merely transportation of facts.
3. Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- to ask the significant question.
- to collect and interpret relevant data.
- To answer the question.
- Result : expansion of frontier of knowledge . Ready for new applications.
- Research is more than an academic requirement.
Characters of Research
1. Start with “questions” or “problems”.
2. Clear articulation “ research goals”
3. Specific conductiong procedures.
4. Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,Alvarez has come to conclusion that ane possible cause of the dinosaur extinction was due to a sudden change of the earth env. By great meteorite impact
To get “your feet wet” in Research World,
You MUST take sometimes to read research articles
In journals of your academic field.
. in the library
. using internet
. personal communication and etc.
Chapter 2 : Types of Research
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบ ตามค่าของสาเหตุ
(Correlational Study) (Covariation Rule)
B) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2) สาเหตุ ย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน ผล
(Experimental Study) (Temporal Precedence Rule)
C) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบัง หรือ
(Survey Study) ลบเลือน โดยสาเหตุอื่น
(Intemal Validity Ruile)
Class Participation 1
Given :
1. Small glass of water
2. Big glass of water
3. White fertilizer
4. Black fertilizer
5. A bottle of oil for po;ishing leaves
From the given items,
What causes the plant to flourish
Class Participation 2
It is believed that students at Trium Udom school perform
Better academically because of
A: Good teaching in the school
B: The students as raw material are good brfore attending the school
Required a rigorous proof through research
If “ “ is more inferential causes than “-“, therefore “-“
Has to be rejected as a cause according to “internal validity rule”
Class Participation 3
SMS case
TV reporter asked watchers to send SMS to
Identify the truth of some events.
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction?”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research : emphasis on gathering,
Interpretating quanlitative data (non numerical data)
i.e.symbolic/ descriptive words,.expression/impression
of researcher. In the sense that the researcher is an instrument.
Tool of Research
Distinction between “Tool of research” and
“methodology of research”
Tool of research is a specific mechanism or strategy the
Researcher uses to collect, manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind. ( logical reasoning)
6. Language.
Four scales of measurement
1. Norminal scale : measurement in general e.g.gender,
name, regial part, different from another.
2. Ordinal scale : in a comparative way, higher, greater,
lesser, percentilerank, order correlation.
3. Interval scale : equal measurement unit, weigh distance, temperature, score in an exam. One unit is so many units more than other.
4. Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data, information to be useful and relevant?
- Discocery : How can we accedpt itas “correctness”
Valid and serve as “new knowledge”
Class Participation 1
Scientific info., fiction/ speculation, truth, etc. ?
. Avian flu comes from migratory birds.
. One of strains of Avian flu is H5N1.
. A cause of stronger hurricane is due to global warming.
. To reduce carbondioxide in atmosphere is to put it underground.
. We can accept those observed through “research”
“ development” “scientific inquiry”
What research is not ?
. Examples of statement that describe what research is not. (common misconception of research)
1. Research is merely information gathering.
2. Research is not merely transportation of facts.
3. Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- to ask the significant question.
- to collect and interpret relevant data.
- To answer the question.
- Result : expansion of frontier of knowledge . Ready for new applications.
- Research is more than an academic requirement.
Characters of Research
1. Start with “questions” or “problems”.
2. Clear articulation “ research goals”
3. Specific conductiong procedures.
4. Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,Alvarez has come to conclusion that ane possible cause of the dinosaur extinction was due to a sudden change of the earth env. By great meteorite impact
To get “your feet wet” in Research World,
You MUST take sometimes to read research articles
In journals of your academic field.
. in the library
. using internet
. personal communication and etc.
Chapter 2 : Types of Research
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบ ตามค่าของสาเหตุ
(Correlational Study) (Covariation Rule)
B) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2) สาเหตุ ย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน ผล
(Experimental Study) (Temporal Precedence Rule)
C) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบัง หรือ
(Survey Study) ลบเลือน โดยสาเหตุอื่น
(Intemal Validity Ruile)
Class Participation 1
Given :
1. Small glass of water
2. Big glass of water
3. White fertilizer
4. Black fertilizer
5. A bottle of oil for po;ishing leaves
From the given items,
What causes the plant to flourish
Class Participation 2
It is believed that students at Trium Udom school perform
Better academically because of
A: Good teaching in the school
B: The students as raw material are good brfore attending the school
Required a rigorous proof through research
If “ “ is more inferential causes than “-“, therefore “-“
Has to be rejected as a cause according to “internal validity rule”
Class Participation 3
SMS case
TV reporter asked watchers to send SMS to
Identify the truth of some events.
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction?”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research : emphasis on gathering,
Interpretating quanlitative data (non numerical data)
i.e.symbolic/ descriptive words,.expression/impression
of researcher. In the sense that the researcher is an instrument.
Tool of Research
Distinction between “Tool of research” and
“methodology of research”
Tool of research is a specific mechanism or strategy the
Researcher uses to collect, manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind. ( logical reasoning)
6. Language.
Four scales of measurement
1. Norminal scale : measurement in general e.g.gender,
name, regial part, different from another.
2. Ordinal scale : in a comparative way, higher, greater,
lesser, percentilerank, order correlation.
3. Interval scale : equal measurement unit, weigh distance, temperature, score in an exam. One unit is so many units more than other.
4. Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data, information to be useful and relevant?
- Discocery : How can we accedpt itas “correctness”
Valid and serve as “new knowledge”
Class Participation 1
Scientific info., fiction/ speculation, truth, etc. ?
. Avian flu comes from migratory birds.
. One of strains of Avian flu is H5N1.
. A cause of stronger hurricane is due to global warming.
. To reduce carbondioxide in atmosphere is to put it underground.
. We can accept those observed through “research”
“ development” “scientific inquiry”
What research is not ?
. Examples of statement that describe what research is not. (common misconception of research)
1. Research is merely information gathering.
2. Research is not merely transportation of facts.
3. Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- to ask the significant question.
- to collect and interpret relevant data.
- To answer the question.
- Result : expansion of frontier of knowledge . Ready for new applications.
- Research is more than an academic requirement.
Characters of Research
1. Start with “questions” or “problems”.
2. Clear articulation “ research goals”
3. Specific conductiong procedures.
4. Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,Alvarez has come to conclusion that ane possible cause of the dinosaur extinction was due to a sudden change of the earth env. By great meteorite impact
To get “your feet wet” in Research World,
You MUST take sometimes to read research articles
In journals of your academic field.
. in the library
. using internet
. personal communication and etc.
Chapter 2 : Types of Research
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบ ตามค่าของสาเหตุ
(Correlational Study) (Covariation Rule)
B) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2) สาเหตุ ย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน ผล
(Experimental Study) (Temporal Precedence Rule)
C) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบัง หรือ
(Survey Study) ลบเลือน โดยสาเหตุอื่น
(Intemal Validity Ruile)
Class Participation 1
Given :
1. Small glass of water
2. Big glass of water
3. White fertilizer
4. Black fertilizer
5. A bottle of oil for po;ishing leaves
From the given items,
What causes the plant to flourish
Class Participation 2
It is believed that students at Trium Udom school perform
Better academically because of
A: Good teaching in the school
B: The students as raw material are good brfore attending the school
Required a rigorous proof through research
If “ “ is more inferential causes than “-“, therefore “-“
Has to be rejected as a cause according to “internal validity rule”
Class Participation 3
SMS case
TV reporter asked watchers to send SMS to
Identify the truth of some events.
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction?”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research : emphasis on gathering,
Interpretating quanlitative data (non numerical data)
i.e.symbolic/ descriptive words,.expression/impression
of researcher. In the sense that the researcher is an instrument.
Tool of Research
Distinction between “Tool of research” and
“methodology of research”
Tool of research is a specific mechanism or strategy the
Researcher uses to collect, manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind. ( logical reasoning)
6. Language.
Four scales of measurement
1. Norminal scale : measurement in general e.g.gender,
name, regial part, different from another.
2. Ordinal scale : in a comparative way, higher, greater,
lesser, percentilerank, order correlation.
3. Interval scale : equal measurement unit, weigh distance, temperature, score in an exam. One unit is so many units more than other.
4. Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
Chapter 1 Introduction to Research
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data,ข้อมูลที่เป็นประโยชน์และเกี่ยวข้อง ?
- discocery : วิธีที่เราสามารถ accedpt ไอแทส " ความถูกต้อง "
ถูกต้องและเป็น " ความรู้ใหม่ "
สอน 1
ทางวิทยาศาสตร์ข้อมูล นิยาย / เก็งกำไร ความจริง ฯลฯ
ไข้หวัดนกมาจากนกอพยพ .
หนึ่งในสายพันธุ์ของไข้หวัดนกเป็นไข้หวัดนก .
สาเหตุของพายุเฮอริเคนแข็งแกร่งเนื่องจากภาวะโลกร้อน
.จะช่วยลดคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ในบรรยากาศ คือ วางใต้ดิน
. เราสามารถรับผู้สังเกตผ่าน " วิจัย "
" การพัฒนา " วิทยาศาสตร์ " สอบถาม "
ค้นคว้าอะไรไม่ ?
. ตัวอย่างของประโยคที่อธิบายสิ่งที่วิจัยไม่ได้ ( misconception ทั่วไปของการวิจัย )
1 การวิจัยเป็นเพียงการรวบรวมข้อมูล
2 การวิจัยไม่ใช่แค่การขนส่งข้อมูล
3 Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- ถามคำถามที่สำคัญ
- การรวบรวมและตีความข้อมูล
- ตอบคำถาม
- ผล : การขยายพรมแดนของความรู้ พร้อมสำหรับการใช้งานใหม่ . .
- วิจัยมากกว่าวิชาการความต้องการ
ตัวละครของการวิจัย 1 . เริ่มด้วย " ถาม " หรือ " ปัญหา "
2 " การวิจัยชัดเจนตามเป้าหมาย "
3 ขั้นตอน conductiong เฉพาะ .
4 . Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,อัลวาเรซมาสรุปว่าหนึ่งสาเหตุของไดโนเสาร์สูญพันธุ์เนื่องจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างฉับพลันของต่อโลก โดยมากได้รับผลกระทบ
อุกกาบาต " เท้าเปียก " ในโลกวิจัย
คุณต้องใช้เวลา บางครั้งอ่านบทความวิจัยในวารสารวิชาการ
.
ในห้องสมุด
การใช้อินเตอร์เน็ต
การสื่อสารส่วนบุคคล ฯลฯ
บทที่ 2 : ประเภทของการวิจัย
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบตามค่าของสาเหตุ
( การศึกษาเชิงสหสัมพันธ์ ) ( covariation กฎ )
b ) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2 ) สาเหตุย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน way back
( การศึกษา ) ( ปกครองอยู่ชั่วคราว )
c ) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3 ) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบังค็อค
( ศึกษา ) ลบเลือนโดยสาเหตุอื่น
( โดยมีผลบังคับใช้ ruile )
รับสอน 1 : 1 แก้วขนาดเล็กของน้ำ
2 น้ำแก้วใหญ่ๆ
3
ปุ๋ยขาว 4 .
ปุ๋ยสีดำ 5 ขวดน้ำมันโป ; ishing ใบ
จากที่ได้รับสินค้า สิ่งที่ทำให้พืชเจริญ
2
สอนคือ นักเรียนที่โรงเรียน แต่อุดมา
: ดีด้านวิชาการ เพราะสอนดีในโรงเรียน
B :นักเรียนเป็นวัตถุดิบที่ดี brfore เข้าร่วมโรงเรียน
ต้องเคร่งครัดการพิสูจน์ผ่านงานวิจัย
ถ้า " เป็นเชิงอนุมานสาเหตุมากกว่า " - " ดังนั้น " - "
ถูกปฏิเสธเป็นเพราะตาม " ความตรงภายในกฎ "
3
สอน SMS กรณีนักข่าวถามเพื่อนัก ส่ง SMS ไปที่
ระบุความจริงของเหตุการณ์บางอย่าง .
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction? ”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research :เน้นการรวบรวมข้อมูล quanlitative
interpretating ( ไม่มีข้อมูลตัวเลข )
i.e.symbolic/ คําบรรยาย การแสดงออกของนักวิจัย / ประทับใจ ในความรู้สึกที่ผู้วิจัยเป็นเครื่องมือ เครื่องมือวิจัย
ความแตกต่างระหว่าง " เครื่องมือวิจัยและ
" วิธีการวิจัย " เครื่องมือของการวิจัยเป็นกลไกที่เฉพาะเจาะจงหรือกลยุทธ์
ครั้งนี้ใช้เพื่อเก็บรวบรวม manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind.( เหตุผล )
6 ภาษา ระดับของการวัด
4
1 ขนาด norminal : การวัดใน e.g.gender ทั่วไป
ชื่อ regial ส่วน แตกต่างจากที่อื่น
2 เครื่องแก้ว : ในทางเปรียบเทียบที่สูงมากขึ้น
น้อย เปอร์เซ็นต์ไทล์ แร๊งค์สั่ง ) .
3 อันตรภาค : หน่วยการวัดระยะทางเท่ากัน น้ำหนัก อุณหภูมิ คะแนนสอบ หนึ่งหน่วยคือหน่วยมากกว่าอื่น ๆ .
4 Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
Content :
. Historical development of science
. Why doing research?
. Identifying of information
. What research is not?
. What research is?
. Research characteristics
. Research cycle
Scientific Development
Ancient Time
. Greek, Egypt, India, China, Babylon
. Roman Empire : 200 BC. - AD 500
. Dark Age : AD 500 – 1500
Rebirth of Scientific Development: Scientific Revolution
1500 – 1600 Slow Progress: Gutenburg : Printing
machine
Galileo, Copermicus,Kepler, Tyco Brahe
1600 – 1700
Newton Francis Bacon Decartes
Law of Gravity Scientific Method Reasoning
Law of Motion
Calculus, Optics
. Industrial Revolution I : 1750 - 1850
. Industrial Revolution II : 1850 – 1930
Steam Engine : Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Coal mines, Locomotive, Transportation
Urbanization, Factories, Business
Telecommunication : James Clark Maxwell, 1850
Electromagnetic wave
Telegraph, Radio, Radar, Microwave, Laser
Cellular Phone, Photonics
Modern Science (20Th Centuar: 1900-2000)
Max Plank (1900) Quantum Concept Photon
Einstein (1905) Relativity
Integrated Optics, Fiber optics, Optic communication
Laser, Optical computer
Rutherford (1905-1912)
Neil Bohr, Chadwick, Atomic structure, Proton,
P.M. Dirack (1926-1934) Electron, Neutron
- Gathering “truth” ; “Knowledge” for betterment of
Mankind. Problem : How to identify / discriminate them from false?
- Need to obtain relevant data/information. Problem:
What kind/type of data,ข้อมูลที่เป็นประโยชน์และเกี่ยวข้อง ?
- discocery : วิธีที่เราสามารถ accedpt ไอแทส " ความถูกต้อง "
ถูกต้องและเป็น " ความรู้ใหม่ "
สอน 1
ทางวิทยาศาสตร์ข้อมูล นิยาย / เก็งกำไร ความจริง ฯลฯ
ไข้หวัดนกมาจากนกอพยพ .
หนึ่งในสายพันธุ์ของไข้หวัดนกเป็นไข้หวัดนก .
สาเหตุของพายุเฮอริเคนแข็งแกร่งเนื่องจากภาวะโลกร้อน
.จะช่วยลดคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ในบรรยากาศ คือ วางใต้ดิน
. เราสามารถรับผู้สังเกตผ่าน " วิจัย "
" การพัฒนา " วิทยาศาสตร์ " สอบถาม "
ค้นคว้าอะไรไม่ ?
. ตัวอย่างของประโยคที่อธิบายสิ่งที่วิจัยไม่ได้ ( misconception ทั่วไปของการวิจัย )
1 การวิจัยเป็นเพียงการรวบรวมข้อมูล
2 การวิจัยไม่ใช่แค่การขนส่งข้อมูล
3 Research is not merely rummaging for info. (exercise in self-enlightment).
4. Research is not a catchword – to get attention.
5. Ect.
What research is?
- Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge. The process has to be scientific process.
- Purposes of research.
- to learn what has never been known before.
- ถามคำถามที่สำคัญ
- การรวบรวมและตีความข้อมูล
- ตอบคำถาม
- ผล : การขยายพรมแดนของความรู้ พร้อมสำหรับการใช้งานใหม่ . .
- วิจัยมากกว่าวิชาการความต้องการ
ตัวละครของการวิจัย 1 . เริ่มด้วย " ถาม " หรือ " ปัญหา "
2 " การวิจัยชัดเจนตามเป้าหมาย "
3 ขั้นตอน conductiong เฉพาะ .
4 . Principal problems manageable subpeoblems.
5. Hypotheses.
6. Include some assumptions.
7. Systematical collecting and interpreting data.
8. Research is, by its nature, cyclical or exactly helical.
Class Particpation 2
Research or Not research
. Emily went to a public lib. Searching for semi-conductor
production process,and found out that its mostly
involves Silicon, Germanium, and Gallium Arsenide.
-Asserian observed that the moon and the sun are celestial bodies. They concluded that the earth must also be round.
- From results of geological survey of eridium deposit layer in the earth, and a sudden extinction of dinosaur 60M years ago,อัลวาเรซมาสรุปว่าหนึ่งสาเหตุของไดโนเสาร์สูญพันธุ์เนื่องจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงอย่างฉับพลันของต่อโลก โดยมากได้รับผลกระทบ
อุกกาบาต " เท้าเปียก " ในโลกวิจัย
คุณต้องใช้เวลา บางครั้งอ่านบทความวิจัยในวารสารวิชาการ
.
ในห้องสมุด
การใช้อินเตอร์เน็ต
การสื่อสารส่วนบุคคล ฯลฯ
บทที่ 2 : ประเภทของการวิจัย
Objectives of this chapter
Search for truth
Types of research
Tools of research
Logical process
Search for truth
Principles of identification of truth
1)Covariation Rule
Cause and effect relationship: changing cause results in changing effect
2) Temporal Precedence Rule
The event proved to be the cause must occurs before (prior) effect.
3) Internal validity Rule
The event proved to be the cause must be eliminated
By other events (causes).
Step 1) is necessary and then 2…3. All three must be
Satisfied in order to prove that cause & effect is true.
Type of Research Design 3. Principles for identification of truth
A)การวิจัยความสัมพันธ์- 1) ผล ย่อมมีค่าที่เปลี่ยนไป
เปรียบเทียบตามค่าของสาเหตุ
( การศึกษาเชิงสหสัมพันธ์ ) ( covariation กฎ )
b ) การวิจัยเชิงทดลอง 2 ) สาเหตุย่อมต้องเกิดก่อน way back
( การศึกษา ) ( ปกครองอยู่ชั่วคราว )
c ) การวิจัยเชิงสำรวจ 3 ) สาเหตุนี้ต้องไม่ถูกบดบังค็อค
( ศึกษา ) ลบเลือนโดยสาเหตุอื่น
( โดยมีผลบังคับใช้ ruile )
รับสอน 1 : 1 แก้วขนาดเล็กของน้ำ
2 น้ำแก้วใหญ่ๆ
3
ปุ๋ยขาว 4 .
ปุ๋ยสีดำ 5 ขวดน้ำมันโป ; ishing ใบ
จากที่ได้รับสินค้า สิ่งที่ทำให้พืชเจริญ
2
สอนคือ นักเรียนที่โรงเรียน แต่อุดมา
: ดีด้านวิชาการ เพราะสอนดีในโรงเรียน
B :นักเรียนเป็นวัตถุดิบที่ดี brfore เข้าร่วมโรงเรียน
ต้องเคร่งครัดการพิสูจน์ผ่านงานวิจัย
ถ้า " เป็นเชิงอนุมานสาเหตุมากกว่า " - " ดังนั้น " - "
ถูกปฏิเสธเป็นเพราะตาม " ความตรงภายในกฎ "
3
สอน SMS กรณีนักข่าวถามเพื่อนัก ส่ง SMS ไปที่
ระบุความจริงของเหตุการณ์บางอย่าง .
An unidentified person threw a bomb to “The Manager newspaper”, by choosing one of the following choices :
press 1 - Threatening 68%
press 2 - self-creating situation 11 %
press 3 - third party 21%
According to 3 principles of identifying truth,
How do you select true cause?
Answer
According to principles of identifying truth,
......................is not acceptable.
Class Partipation 4
Help me, please Gannot start car
1. Propose research hypotheses
2. testing hypotheses through data collection
What is a research problem in this situation?
a) Car’s malfunction
b) Driver’ s cannot make the car move
c) What cause the malfunction.
Choice a) and b) are car’s problem and driver’s
Problem……. Not research problem.
Finding and proving
Cause effect relationship
Is a “true” research problem
Answer is choice……
Hypotheses from choice c)
“ What cause the malfunction? ”
H1 : There is an electrical mulfunction.
* Mulfunction of induction coil.
* Dead Battery.
* Electrical disconnection / (broken).
* Mulfunction of generator (dy-charger).
H 2 : Fuel system
* Wrong type of fuel : diesel or benzene or gasohol.
* Blockade of an injection unit.
* Fuel pipe line blockade or disconnect.
* Dirty fuel filter.
Types of Research
Research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing
And interpreting info. (data) to acquire new knowledge.
The process has to be scientific process. We can in general categorized types of research as follows.
Basic Research : emphasis on pure knowledge, no
Aim for direct / im mediate application.
or real life / practical problems solving.
Explaratory Research : surveying nature, fact finging;
Laying ground work for future research in depth
Descriptive Research : emphasis on “status” , “condition”
D of investigate phenomeana concerning on “what” but no objective of “how” it happens.
E
C
Documentary Research : emphasis on historical / documen
Tary studies ( library research )
Empirical Research : involving of raw data collection . It
May involve experiment, survey-fact finding, inter
Pretation data and conclusion of results.
Quantitative Research : emphsis on quantitative data,
Numbers, amount , magnitude, degree, statistics of
Quantitative measurement.
Qualitative Research :เน้นการรวบรวมข้อมูล quanlitative
interpretating ( ไม่มีข้อมูลตัวเลข )
i.e.symbolic/ คําบรรยาย การแสดงออกของนักวิจัย / ประทับใจ ในความรู้สึกที่ผู้วิจัยเป็นเครื่องมือ เครื่องมือวิจัย
ความแตกต่างระหว่าง " เครื่องมือวิจัยและ
" วิธีการวิจัย " เครื่องมือของการวิจัยเป็นกลไกที่เฉพาะเจาะจงหรือกลยุทธ์
ครั้งนี้ใช้เพื่อเก็บรวบรวม manipulate integrate
Data.
Research methodology is a general approach the researcher
Takes in carrying out the research project. To some extent the approach dictates the particular tool the researcher selects.
General tools of research :
1. The library and its resources, internet.
2. The computer and its software.
3. Technique of measurement
4. Statistics
5. The human mind.( เหตุผล )
6 ภาษา ระดับของการวัด
4
1 ขนาด norminal : การวัดใน e.g.gender ทั่วไป
ชื่อ regial ส่วน แตกต่างจากที่อื่น
2 เครื่องแก้ว : ในทางเปรียบเทียบที่สูงมากขึ้น
น้อย เปอร์เซ็นต์ไทล์ แร๊งค์สั่ง ) .
3 อันตรภาค : หน่วยการวัดระยะทางเท่ากัน น้ำหนัก อุณหภูมิ คะแนนสอบ หนึ่งหน่วยคือหน่วยมากกว่าอื่น ๆ .
4 Ratio scale : equal measurment units.Absolute zero(no weight, no mass etc), express value in term of multiple and fractional parts.
Logical process:
Statistics cannot interpret the data and arrive at logical
Conclusion as to their meaning. Only the mind of the researcher can do it.
Human mind is undoubtedly the most important tool
On the research workbench.
Ded
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
ภาษาอื่น ๆ
การสนับสนุนเครื่องมือแปลภาษา: กรีก, กันนาดา, กาลิเชียน, คลิงออน, คอร์สิกา, คาซัค, คาตาลัน, คินยารวันดา, คีร์กิซ, คุชราต, จอร์เจีย, จีน, จีนดั้งเดิม, ชวา, ชิเชวา, ซามัว, ซีบัวโน, ซุนดา, ซูลู, ญี่ปุ่น, ดัตช์, ตรวจหาภาษา, ตุรกี, ทมิฬ, ทาจิก, ทาทาร์, นอร์เวย์, บอสเนีย, บัลแกเรีย, บาสก์, ปัญจาป, ฝรั่งเศส, พาชตู, ฟริเชียน, ฟินแลนด์, ฟิลิปปินส์, ภาษาอินโดนีเซี, มองโกเลีย, มัลทีส, มาซีโดเนีย, มาราฐี, มาลากาซี, มาลายาลัม, มาเลย์, ม้ง, ยิดดิช, ยูเครน, รัสเซีย, ละติน, ลักเซมเบิร์ก, ลัตเวีย, ลาว, ลิทัวเนีย, สวาฮิลี, สวีเดน, สิงหล, สินธี, สเปน, สโลวัก, สโลวีเนีย, อังกฤษ, อัมฮาริก, อาร์เซอร์ไบจัน, อาร์เมเนีย, อาหรับ, อิกโบ, อิตาลี, อุยกูร์, อุสเบกิสถาน, อูรดู, ฮังการี, ฮัวซา, ฮาวาย, ฮินดี, ฮีบรู, เกลิกสกอต, เกาหลี, เขมร, เคิร์ด, เช็ก, เซอร์เบียน, เซโซโท, เดนมาร์ก, เตลูกู, เติร์กเมน, เนปาล, เบงกอล, เบลารุส, เปอร์เซีย, เมารี, เมียนมา (พม่า), เยอรมัน, เวลส์, เวียดนาม, เอสเปอแรนโต, เอสโทเนีย, เฮติครีโอล, แอฟริกา, แอลเบเนีย, โคซา, โครเอเชีย, โชนา, โซมาลี, โปรตุเกส, โปแลนด์, โยรูบา, โรมาเนีย, โอเดีย (โอริยา), ไทย, ไอซ์แลนด์, ไอร์แลนด์, การแปลภาษา.
- I don't want to hurt him. But I get hurt
- Hope
- ขอตัวสักครู่
- ไทยเริ่มหนาวแล้ว
- ฉันไม่รู้จะบอกอย่างไร
- ร้อน
- สามารถใช้ดูหนังและฟังเพลงได้ทุกๆที่
- ค่าความเร่งเนื่องจากสนามโน้มถ่วงโลก
- Lemon Basil and coconut jelly page
- and are demonstrative of an extraordinar
- ฉันอยากจะเป็นทหารตั้งแต่เด็กI like to be
- พรุ่งนี้คุณจะทำอะไร
- 我也到宿舍了
- But since you took reign,you've built a
- du arschloch geh mal auf scheiss und sch
- คนในทุกวันนี้น่ากลัวโดยเฉพาะในโลกออนไลน์
- 。舌出せよ、
- I want to see you after work
- ปลาเก๋า
- นี่คือสินค้าที่มีปัญหาอย่างเห็นได้ชัดแฟ้
- ที่นั่น
- ไม่ๆ ฉันแค่อยากเห็นหน้าคุณในรูปอื่นบ้าง
- ได้หมด
- การรองรับศักยภาพ
