(NIH) Human Genome Research Institute as shown in Fig. 4. This further gives rise to new opportunities for personalized treatment and risk stratification. On the other hand, research in bioinformatics has broadened from solely sequencing the genome of an individual to also measuring epigenomic data (i.e., above the genome), which include processes that alter gene expression other than changes of primary DNA sequences, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications. Information technologies for acquiring and analyzing biological molecules other than the genome, for example, transcriptome (the total mRNA in a cell or organism), proteome (the set of all expressed proteins in a cell, tissue, or organism), and metabolome (the total quantitative collection of low molecular weight compounds, metabolites, present in a cell or organism that participate inmetabolic reactions) are also needed for future advances in the field. To summarize, OMICS aims at collectively characterizing and quantifying groups of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism. The OMICS profile of each