Ziejewski et al. (1984)prepared an emulsion of 53% (vol) alkali-refined and winterized sunflower oil, 13.3% (vol) 190-proof ethanol and 33.4% (vol) 1-butanol. This nonionic emulsion had a viscosity of 6.31 cSt at 40°C, a cetane number of 25 and an ash content of less than 0.01%. Lower viscosities and better spray patterns (more even) were observed with an increase of 1-butanol. In a 200 h laboratory screening endurance test, no significant deteriorations in performance were observed, but irregular injector needle sticking, heavy carbon deposits, incomplete combustion and an increase of lubricating oil viscosity were reported.