Change can be triggered from either the internal or the external environment of any organization and can create
knock-on effects within an organization. According to Robbrus and Sanghi (2006), the following forces of change
were identified; nature of the workforce, technology, economic shocks, competition, social trends and world
politics. These changes are more grandiose seemingly emanating from the organizational external environment.
Once change occurs in an organization, it affects all parts of the organization and this is epitomized in Coles
(2005) change model.