The observation that over-expression of G6PD leads to down- regulation of glucose response in GAL4-ChREBP activity, and knockdown of G6PD, a modest increase (Fig. 3), ruled out the involvement of pentose-phosphate pathway in PP2A-independent activation of ChREBP in 832/13 cells. Additionally, the pentose- phosphate pathway was known to be inactive in pancreatic islet b-cells [14]. This might have contributed to the susceptibility of these cells to oxidative stress for lack of supply of reducing equiv- alent, i.e., NADPH. In fact, the survival of INS-1 cells, from which 832/13 cells were derived, depends on the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol in the media [28]. Therefore, it is unlikely that the pentose-phosphate pathway plays a significant role in activa- tion of ChREBP in 832/13 cells and pancreatic islet b-cells.
Since glycolysis is the major pathway of glucose metabolism, it is important to determine if metabolites downstream of G-6-P are involved in transactivation of ChREBP in 832/13 cells. However, in our study, a glucose analogue, 2-DG, which can be directly phos- phorylated by hexokinase but not further metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, was found to dose-dependently activate the transcriptional activity of GAL4-ChREBP, an effect that can be negated by treatment with D-mannoheptulose (Fig. 4A). This find- ing, which is consistent with a previous report [20], strongly sug- gests that phosphorylation by hexokinase is sufficient for activation of ChREBP. Meanwhile, artificially increasing the glyco- lytic flux by over-expression of PFK1 and PFK2 actually decreased the glucose response of ChREBP (Fig. 4B); again, corroborating the conclusion that further metabolism through glycolytic path- way is not required for high glucose-induced ChREBP activation.
We have probed the major metabolic pathways downstream of G-6-P and found that they were not required for activating ChREBP in 832/13 cells. Although the other fates of G-6-P (glycogen and hexosamine synthesis) were examined only indirectly, G-6-P itself remains the most likely candidate especially with the evidence that there is a correlation between intracellular G-6-P levels with the ChREBP transcriptional activity under different glucose concen- trations (Fig. 2B). This interpretation is compatible with all existing data as well as those described in this report.
The observation that over-expression of G6PD leads to down- regulation of glucose response in GAL4-ChREBP activity, and knockdown of G6PD, a modest increase (Fig. 3), ruled out the involvement of pentose-phosphate pathway in PP2A-independent activation of ChREBP in 832/13 cells. Additionally, the pentose- phosphate pathway was known to be inactive in pancreatic islet b-cells [14]. This might have contributed to the susceptibility of these cells to oxidative stress for lack of supply of reducing equiv- alent, i.e., NADPH. In fact, the survival of INS-1 cells, from which 832/13 cells were derived, depends on the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol in the media [28]. Therefore, it is unlikely that the pentose-phosphate pathway plays a significant role in activa- tion of ChREBP in 832/13 cells and pancreatic islet b-cells.
Since glycolysis is the major pathway of glucose metabolism, it is important to determine if metabolites downstream of G-6-P are involved in transactivation of ChREBP in 832/13 cells. However, in our study, a glucose analogue, 2-DG, which can be directly phos- phorylated by hexokinase but not further metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, was found to dose-dependently activate the transcriptional activity of GAL4-ChREBP, an effect that can be negated by treatment with D-mannoheptulose (Fig. 4A). This find- ing, which is consistent with a previous report [20], strongly sug- gests that phosphorylation by hexokinase is sufficient for activation of ChREBP. Meanwhile, artificially increasing the glyco- lytic flux by over-expression of PFK1 and PFK2 actually decreased the glucose response of ChREBP (Fig. 4B); again, corroborating the conclusion that further metabolism through glycolytic path- way is not required for high glucose-induced ChREBP activation.
We have probed the major metabolic pathways downstream of G-6-P and found that they were not required for activating ChREBP in 832/13 cells. Although the other fates of G-6-P (glycogen and hexosamine synthesis) were examined only indirectly, G-6-P itself remains the most likely candidate especially with the evidence that there is a correlation between intracellular G-6-P levels with the ChREBP transcriptional activity under different glucose concen- trations (Fig. 2B). This interpretation is compatible with all existing data as well as those described in this report.
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