This work was funded by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment
Science and Analytical Services Division, as part of the Centre of
Expertise on Animal Disease Outbreaks (EPIC), 2011–2016 no. UEH/
851/11). The authors would like to thank Julia Martin-Ortega of the University
of Leeds for comments on paper drafts, as well as participants of
the Panel on ‘What do we mean by citizen engagement’ at the 2015 Politics
and Policy Conference (Bristol, UK) for their critical insights. The
input of the case study participants is also gratefully acknowledged.