6.3. Philippines
In The Philippines all new motor vehicles introduced in the
market beginning from January 2008 which moved from pre-Euro
to EURO 2 has significantly reduced emissions limits as specified
in the revised emission standards for motor vehicles [62]. The
requirement of passing an emission test before registration was
put in place since 2003. The Philippines has issued a comprehensive
National Energy and Efficiency and Conservation Program (NEECP)
which aims to contribute towards the achievement of 60% energy
self-sufficiency by 2010 and to reduce of 50.9 million tons of CO2
emissions for the period from 2005 to 2014 [12]. However, the program
does not include the development and implementation of fuel
economy standards.
6.4. Thailand
In Thailand, the enactment of the Enhancement and Conservation
of National Environmental Quality Act in 1992 was the
beginning of the new era in air quality management. Air pollution
has been identified by the public as a major environmental problem.
This can be seen clearly in large communities and in rapidly
developing areas in Thailand, where industry, transportation, traffic
and construction are prevalent, as well as in areas where electricity
power plant is situated [36,67,68]. Emission standards for on-road
vehicles in Thailand has been formulated by the Pollution Control
Department (PCD) and being adopted by the Ministry of Industry
(MOI) and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment
(MOSTE) [69]. In 2006, the Ministry of Environment also issued a
longer list of air emission control for both combustion and noncombustion
processes industries. These standards are based on
European standards and emission test procedures for both gasoline
and light duty diesel vehicles [70]. Since January 2007, all
new heavy duty vehicles are required to comply with Euro 3 while
new motorcycles should comply with regulations for powered two
and three-wheeled vehicle (97/24/EC) which requires CO2 emission
to be no more than 3.5 g/km, and HC + NOx emission of no
more than 1.8–2 g/km [69,70]. All in-use vehicles are required to
renew registration annually. In 2005, a voluntary labelling program
was launched by the Pollution Control Department to mitigate
CO2 emission and reduce fuel consumption and implemented to
National Energy Policy Office as voluntary labelling Program in
2006 [12].
6.5. Vietnam
Vietnam is currently has an Euro 2 and sulphur levels regulation
of 500 ppm in both gasoline and diesel under Tie chuan
Vietnam specification fuel (TCVN 5689:2005 for diesel and TCVN
6776:2005 for gasoline). There are plans to move to Euro 3
in 2012 but current initiatives of the Clean Air Initiative (CAIAsia
Center) United Nations Environment Programme Partnership
for Clean Fuels and Vehicles (UNEP PCFV) encourages leapfrogging
to Euro 4. These organizations are working with the
government to establish a roadmap for this purpose. No fuel
economy standards have been implemented yet in this country
[12].