Materials should also be contextualised to the experiences, realities and first languages of the learners. An important part of this involves an awareness on the part of the
teacher-designer of the “socio-cultural appropriacy” (Jolly & Bolitho, 1998, p. 111) of things such as
the designer’s own style of presenting material, of arranging groups, and so on. It is essential the
materials designer is informed about the culture-specific learning processes of the intended learners,
and for many groups this may mean adjusting the intended balance of what teachers may regard as
more enjoyable activities and those of a more serious nature. Materials should link explicitly to what
the learners already know, to their first languages and cultures, and very importantly, should alert learners to any areas of significant cultural difference.