On the other hand ‘subversives’ may be equally problematic. These leaders seek to challenge external policies by deliberately undermining them. It is Day et al.’s (2000) argue that in their study effective leaders were those who were able to ‘mediate’ the external policy agenda so that it aligned with the values and vision of the school. In their view it was not inevitable that this was done in an underhand manner, but rather it was capable of being achieved with transparency and integrity.