As Judith L. Pace wrote in Education Week in December 2007, “… the data point to a social studies divide, caused by the confluence of high-stakes accountability and school segregation by race and class.” 1 She affirmed the view, widely held by social studies educators, that “… depth of historical, political, and cultural understanding” is essential if this democracy is to survive and thrive. Powerful social studies teaching helps students develop enduring understandings in the core content areas of civics, economics, geography, and history, and assures their readiness and willingness to assume citizenship responsibilities. Powerful social studies learning leads to a well-informed and civic-minded citizenry that can sustain and build on democratic traditions.