Efficacy beliefs among low-income women reflected
low self-efficacy. For instance, women mentioned being
Table 3 Determinants of behaviors in low and high income women
Low income High income
Behavior beliefs
Eating fruits and vegetables is good for the baby Eating fruits and vegetables is good for the baby
Eating makes you feel better when stressed Eating too much causes excessive GWG
Certain fruits and vegetables cause heartburn Eating healthy makes you feel better
Any amount of walking is exercise Exercise will make you feel better during pregnancy
Exercise will slow rate of weight gain
Normative beliefs
Indulge in cravings Weight to be lost postpartum
Eat for two Physical activity is structured and recreational
Quitting smoking, drinking, and drug use most important thing in pregnancy Activity associated with daily living is physical activity
Weight not equal to health
Preferred foods are high fat, fast food
Activity associated with daily living is physical activity
Efficacy beliefs
Can’t cook healthy foods Can soothe cravings in a healthy way
Can’t control cravings, binges Can control weight gain somewhat
Can’t control weight gain Postpartum weight loss is hard
Can’t exercise when tired Can control food intake at certain periods
Can’t exercise when feel uncomfortable Can’t exercise when weather is bad
Can’t exercise when busy Can modify activities to maintain physical activity
Matern Child Health J (2013) 17:344–351 347
123
unable to exercise because they were tired, busy with kids,
or physically uncomfortable. In general, women believed
you could not control weight gain during pregnancy for
reasons like not being able to resist cravings. When the
moderator would prompt, ‘‘Can you think of some ways a
woman can control the amount of weight she gains,’’ in one
focus group the women laughed and all said, ‘‘No.’’
Another woman mentioned, ‘‘go to sleep.’’ Women also
explained why they could not do more physical activity
because they ‘‘get tired and have no help at home’’ or ‘‘get
fat and can’t move.’’
Efficacy beliefs among low-income women reflected
low self-efficacy. For instance, women mentioned being
Table 3 Determinants of behaviors in low and high income women
Low income High income
Behavior beliefs
Eating fruits and vegetables is good for the baby Eating fruits and vegetables is good for the baby
Eating makes you feel better when stressed Eating too much causes excessive GWG
Certain fruits and vegetables cause heartburn Eating healthy makes you feel better
Any amount of walking is exercise Exercise will make you feel better during pregnancy
Exercise will slow rate of weight gain
Normative beliefs
Indulge in cravings Weight to be lost postpartum
Eat for two Physical activity is structured and recreational
Quitting smoking, drinking, and drug use most important thing in pregnancy Activity associated with daily living is physical activity
Weight not equal to health
Preferred foods are high fat, fast food
Activity associated with daily living is physical activity
Efficacy beliefs
Can’t cook healthy foods Can soothe cravings in a healthy way
Can’t control cravings, binges Can control weight gain somewhat
Can’t control weight gain Postpartum weight loss is hard
Can’t exercise when tired Can control food intake at certain periods
Can’t exercise when feel uncomfortable Can’t exercise when weather is bad
Can’t exercise when busy Can modify activities to maintain physical activity
Matern Child Health J (2013) 17:344–351 347
123
unable to exercise because they were tired, busy with kids,
or physically uncomfortable. In general, women believed
you could not control weight gain during pregnancy for
reasons like not being able to resist cravings. When the
moderator would prompt, ‘‘Can you think of some ways a
woman can control the amount of weight she gains,’’ in one
focus group the women laughed and all said, ‘‘No.’’
Another woman mentioned, ‘‘go to sleep.’’ Women also
explained why they could not do more physical activity
because they ‘‘get tired and have no help at home’’ or ‘‘get
fat and can’t move.’’
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