Vitamin D has both genomic and non-genomic actions. In the
case of the latter, Vitamin D may act through a membraneassociated receptor, such as the rapid-response steroid-binding
protein (1,25D3-MARRS) receptor, to directly influence various
signalling pathways such as those operating through the phosphoinositides, Ca2þ, cyclic GMP and MAP kinase [6e8].