reinforcing behaviors with their children. Supporting interactions were manifested through: assisting, advocating, approaching, talking, preparing a position, preparing objects, helping, caretaking, answering questions and orientating. Negative interactions also were shown to occur within two categories: ignoring and threatening. Ignoring interactions were manifested by way of: disregarding, not responding, not praising, not soothing, not encouraging, not supporting, not suggesting and not providing. Threatening interactions were shown by way of: complaining, prohibiting, enforcing, beating, intimidating, using a high tone, banging and hitting. Children's' behaviors also emerged in two categories: cooperative and non-cooperative. Cooperative interactions, which mostly occurred in response to their parents/grandparents encouraging and supporting interactions, were manifested through: looking at parents/grandparents, responding, approaching, touching, talking, smiling, reaching, giggling, pointing and answering questions. Non-cooperative interactions, which tended to occur when parents/grandparents ignored or threatened their child, were manifested by: refusing to look parents/grandparents, quitting, not answering, not smiling, playing alone, walking away, crawling away, looking dull or fearful and doing activities alone. It was noted, in some of the families, a combination of positive and negative interactions were used within one encounter between parents/grandparents and a child. Children also were found, at times, to use a combination of cooperative and non-cooperative interactions when responding to parents. However, for the purpose of providing clear examples, the following cases address, separately, the families’ demonstrations of positive, negative, cooperative and non-cooperative interactions. Positive interactions of parents/grandparents and cooperative interactions of children: Encouraging interactions, a type of positive interaction, were manifested within the majority (n = 15; 86%) of families during feeding, playing, teaching, disciplining and daily routine caring. The following conversational phrases and responses are examples of encouraging interactions noted between a mother and her 19 month old son who was having lunch. The specific methods used by the mother are noted in bold and brackets, while the subsequent responses of the child are noted in bold and parentheses. Mother: “Let’s eat.” [introducing & talking] Child: Turns face towards mother, looks at mother and then opens mouth for food (looking at parent) Mother: Before feeding, she says “aar aar aum…” Then puts food into son’s mouth while looking at him. [persuading] Child: Gives a little smile and chews food. Picks up a toy car and walks to the bicycle located nearby. (smiling) Mother: “Tang, come, come quick to eat.” [reinforcing behavior] Mother looks at son. [making eye contact] Child: Turns to mother and walks directly to her. Opens mouth, looks at mother, and smiles.